Soluble trace metals in aerosols over the tropical south-east Pacific offshore of Peru

Bulk aerosol samples collected during cruise M91 of FS Meteor off the coast of Peru in December 2012 were analysed for their soluble trace metal (Fe, Al, Mn, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, Th) and major ion (including NO3- and NH4+) content. These data are among the first recorded for trace metals in this relatively poorly studied region of the global marine atmosphere. To the north of ~13°S, the concentrations of several elements (Fe, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Pb) appear to be related to distance from the coast. At the south of the transect (~15-16°S), elevated concentrations of Fe, Cu, Co and Ni were observed, and we calculated dry deposition fluxes of soluble Cu approximately an order of magnitude higher than a recent model-based estimate of total Cu deposition to the region. The model did not take account of emissions from the large smelting facilities in the south of Peru and northern Chile and our results may indicate that these facilities constitute an important source of trace metals to the region. Calculated dry deposition fluxes (3370-17800 and 16-107 nmol m-2 d-1 for inorganic nitrogen and soluble Fe respectively) indicated that atmospheric input to the waters of the Peru upwelling system contains an excess of Fe over N, with respect to phytoplankton requirements. This may be significant as primary production in these waters has been reported to be limited by Fe availability, but atmospheric deposition is unlikely to be the dominant source of Fe to the system

A natural circus

I’ve come to the conclusion that I have no interest in controlling and manipulating matter to my own heart’s content. I’m rather bored of rigidly perfect geometries and sentiments. Rather than controlling materials I allow them to do as they please. I capture their moment of revelation, and allow them to speak for themselves. I realize this process of making demotes me from creator to conduit, but I’ve noted that the materials have a far more unique and intelligent message than I could ever imagine. So, I listen to matter. Matter has one very good friend, the center of the earth; and the forces that attract them to one another are gravity and decay. As designers we have made enemies of these two forces. What if we treated these foes as friends and allowed the materials to do as they wish rather than forcing them to be star crossed lovers? I once believed that to be a good designer you had to be the master of texture, I know now that great design doesn’t require unyielding control but a respect for the materials. My process doesn’t just consist of reuniting material relationships it also deals in the magic of my own intuition. My decisions on how to sculpt matter are led by a balance between listening to materials, and by adhering to my own intuition, which is the ability to understand something immediately without the need for any conscious reasoning. It allows for the hands to inform the mind. When I think of myself as a designer the term funambulist comes to mind. A Funambulist is what people in Ancient Rome called a tightrope walker. Adrenaline coursing, senses heightened, a quiet mind, intuition is necessary, a fated path, a focus on journey rather than destination, balance tested, and gravity respected. How do I tame gravity

Who\u27s Afraid of Humpty Dumpty: Deconstructionist References in Judicial Opinions

The question of why judges are concerned with justifying or defending their decisions from the followers of Derrida?, is posed in this Article both generally, as a matter of legal interpretation, and specifically, within the context of the issue(s) presented in the examined cases. By examining the concerns articulated by the judges in these cases and then referring back to the writings of Derrida, this Article describes the likely outcome if Derrida\u27s views of (legal) interpretation are in fact applied in judicial opinion-making. In Parts II and III, this Article introduces the reader to important concepts in Derridean deconstruction. These concepts include notions of privileging, iterability, and the free play of text. Derrida\u27s work is presented generally and is examined in light of his writings concerning law, justice, and authority. In Part IV, this Article demonstrates the protean nature of law by an examination of contract law. Part V examines the relationship of statutory law and common law as a doubling of the difficulties of applying law uniformly and coherently. As this Article demonstrates, the intent of the legislative body in enacting law is thwarted by individual judges\u27 reading and writing of the law in the conjugation of caselaw. Finally, this Article demonstrates that the inherent difficulties in interpreting and applying laws lie in the relationship between the ultimate arbiter of law and the text of the law itself

The Ludic Element in Unamuno\u27s Thought

Authors such as Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus popularized the philosophical movement called existentialism in the 1940s, which declared that man had no nature and that, as a result, he was totally free to choose and direct his own course of life. According to this philosophical perspective, the absurdity of existence and the inadequacy of human reason cause despair, anguish and nausea in man. Existentialism, which was fathered by the nineteenth century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, has been associated, in one form or another, with many writers and philosophers, e.g., Jose Ortega y Gasset (EI tema de nuestro tiempo, 1923), Franz Kafka (Der Prozess, 1925), and Martin Heidegger (Sein und Zeit, 1927). But prior to these individuals, Miguel de Unamuno had demonstrated an affinity for kierkegaardian thought and a propensity for existentialism in such works as La Fe (1900), Mi religión (1907) and Del sentimiento trágico de la vida (1913)