548 research outputs found

    CONTRIBUTION A LA MODELISATION UNIDIMENSIONNELLE DES SOUPAPES DE MOTEURS A COMBUSTIONINTERNE. ETUDES EXPERIMENTALE ET NUMERIQUE

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    Modelling internal combustion engine requires a good comprehension of emptying and filling ofcylinders with air or gas mixture. Thus, a bibliographical study of the different phenomena interfering onthese parameters and of the corresponding models is made. A review of the different experimental deviceseen in the literature is also done.Tests in stationary conditions using a manufactured cylinder head are then conducted. The analysis ofthese results is made using the three main valve models: BarrĂ© de St-Venant, Benson and Blair. The study ofthe assumptions of these models having showed their equivalence in the case of a flow exiting a pipe, theimpact of different assumptions on the experimental results is analysed in detail. The three models assuminga stationary flow through the valve, some dynamic tests are then performed. These experimental data arethen compared to simulation results from the models. Differences between the three models in the case offlow entering the cylinders appear and are analysed.Last but not least, the assumption of non thermal flow through the valve is investigated. High temperaturetests are performed. Tests conditions did not allowed highlighting the importance of thermal losses, a newmodel taking in account the thermal transfers is proposed. Its theoretical study allows evaluating the impactof these transfers on emptying and filling of the cylinders.La modĂ©lisation des moteurs Ă  combustion interne nĂ©cessite une comprĂ©hension fine de la vidange et duremplissage en air ou en mĂ©lange des cylindres. Pour ce faire, une analyse bibliographique des diffĂ©rentsphĂ©nomĂšnes intervenant sur ces paramĂštres et des modĂšles apparentĂ©s est faite. Une revue des diffĂ©rentsmoyens d’essais de la littĂ©rature est Ă©galement effectuĂ©e.Des essais en condition stationnaire sur une culasse issue d’un moteur produit en sĂ©rie sont ensuiteeffectuĂ©s. L’analyse de ces rĂ©sultats est faite au regard des trois principaux modĂšles de soupape : BarrĂ© de St-Venant, Benson et Blair. L’étude des hypothĂšses de ces trois modĂšles ayant montrĂ© leur Ă©quivalence enĂ©coulement sortant d’une tubulure, l’accent est mis sur l’impact des diffĂ©rentes hypothĂšses sur les rĂ©sultatsexpĂ©rimentaux. Les trois modĂšles prenant pour hypothĂšse un Ă©coulement stationnaire au col de la soupape,des essais instationnaires sont ensuite effectuĂ©s. Ces donnĂ©es sont ensuite comparĂ©es Ă  des rĂ©sultats desimulation issus des trois prĂ©cĂ©dents modĂšles. Les diffĂ©rences entre les trois modĂšles en Ă©coulement sortantd’un cylindre et rentrant dans une tubulure apparaissent et sont analysĂ©es.Enfin, l’hypothĂšse d’absence de transferts thermiques est remise en cause. Des essais Ă  haute tempĂ©raturesont pour cela effectuĂ©s. Les conditions d’essais ne permettant pas quantifier correctement ces transfertsthermiques, un modĂšle d’écoulement au travers des soupapes prenant en compte les transferts thermiques estproposĂ©. Son Ă©tude thĂ©orique permet d’évaluer l’impact de ces transferts sur la vidange et le remplissage ducylindre

    Nitrogen transformations and its underlying microbial communities in differently managed soils under future projected rainfall variability

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    Soil microbial communities play a fundamental role in maintaining a broad range of soil functions and ecosystem services. Especially nutrient provisioning to cultivated crops are of prime interest in agricultural contexts in order to maintain the production of food, fibre and fuel for the ever increasing human population. Since Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in agroecosystem and it’s cycling and availability is highly dependent on microbial driven processes, we investigated the impact of farming systems on related ecosystem processes and herein involved soil microbial communities. Considering global climate change, also the potential to withstand rainfall variability was assessed

    Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the streptomycin-dependent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain 18b.

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    The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to establish a latent infection (LTBI) in humans confounds the treatment of tuberculosis. Consequently, there is a need to discover new therapeutic agents that can kill M. tuberculosis both during active disease and LTBI. The streptomycin-dependent strain of M. tuberculosis, 18b, provides a useful tool for this purpose since upon removal of streptomycin (STR) it enters a non-replicating state that mimics latency both in vitro and in animal models. The 4.41 Mb genome sequence of M. tuberculosis 18b was determined and this revealed the strain to belong to clade 3 of the ancient ancestral lineage of the Beijing family. STR-dependence was attributable to insertion of a single cytosine in the 530 loop of the 16S rRNA and to a single amino acid insertion in the N-terminal domain of initiation factor 3. RNA-seq was used to understand the genetic programme activated upon STR-withdrawal and hence to gain insight into LTBI. This revealed reconfiguration of gene expression and metabolic pathways showing strong similarities between non-replicating 18b and M. tuberculosis residing within macrophages, and with the core stationary phase and microaerophilic responses. The findings of this investigation confirm the validity of 18b as a model for LTBI, and provide insight into both the evolution of tubercle bacilli and the functioning of the ribosome

    LNLS Control System

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    Dynamique des systĂšmes agraires : la dimension Ă©conomique

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    Le 4e séminaire "Dynamique des systÚmes agraires" qui s'est déroulé pendant l'année 1987/1988, vise à éclairer le rÎle des déterminants économiques et les mécanismes de fonctionnement d'ensemble de la dynamique des systÚmes agraires. Les auteurs, économistes et géographes, appuient leurs réflexions sur des études de cas qui ont pour cadre, l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Madagascar et le Mexique
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