Cost and demand elements in the inflationary process

131 pIn order to describe an inflationary process it is necessary to have some knowledge of how prices and wages are determined. Conventional economic theory has regarded prices (and wages) as reacting to the level of excess demand or supply in the commodity (labour) market. Investigations have shown, however, that especially in manufacturing industries prices are often determined by applying a profit margin to variable costs., Some wages are also "cost determined", as for instance, in Australia where until recently the Commonwealth basic wage was adjusted quarterly to changes in the C. Series price index. A realistic analysis of inflation processes should allow for both cost and demand influences in price and wage determination. (First paragraph of Precis.

An improved empirical model of electron and ion fluxes at geosynchronous orbit based on upstream solar wind conditions

A new empirical model of the electron fluxes and ion fluxes at geosynchronous orbit (GEO) is introduced, based on observations by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) satellites. The model provides flux predictions in the energy range ~1 eV to ~40 keV, as a function of local time, energy, and the strength of the solar wind electric field (the negative product of the solar wind speed and the z component of the magnetic field). Given appropriate upstream solar wind measurements, the model provides a forecast of the fluxes at GEO with a ~1 h lead time. Model predictions are tested against in‐sample observations from LANL satellites and also against out‐of‐sample observations from the Compact Environmental Anomaly Sensor II detector on the AMC‐12 satellite. The model does not reproduce all structure seen in the observations. However, for the intervals studied here (quiet and storm times) the normalized root‐mean‐square deviation < ~0.3. It is intended that the model will improve forecasting of the spacecraft environment at GEO and also provide improved boundary/input conditions for physical models of the magnetosphere.Key PointsNew model of electron and ion fluxes at GEO (driven by ‐vBz) provides a ~1 h forecast of fluxes in the energy range ~1 eV to ~40 keVThe main benefit from the new model is the ability to predict the fluxes at GEO in advanceForecasts are a good match to observations during quiet times and storm timesPeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134149/1/swe20339_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134149/2/swe20339.pd

Introgressive Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium Group Species in Senegal: Species Barrier Break Down between Ruminant and Human Schistosomes

The file attached is the Published/publisher’s pdf version of the article.Copyright: © 2013 Webster et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Recovering faces from memory: the distracting influence of external facial features.

Recognition memory for unfamiliar faces is facilitated when contextual cues (e.g. head pose, background environment, hair and clothing) are consistent between study and test. By contrast, inconsistencies in external features, especially hair, promote errors in unfamiliar face-matching tasks. For the construction of facial composites, as carried out by witnesses and victims of crime, the role of external features (hair, ears and neck) is less clear, although research does suggest their involvement. Here, over three experiments, we investigate the impact of external features for recovering facial memories using a modern, recognition-based composite system, EvoFIT. Participant-constructors inspected an unfamiliar target face and, one day later, repeatedly selected items from arrays of whole faces, with ‘breeding’, to ‘evolve’ a composite with EvoFIT; further participants (evaluators) named the resulting composites. In Experiment 1, the important internal-features (eyes, brows, nose and mouth) were constructed more identifiably when the visual presence of external features was decreased by Gaussian blur during construction: higher blur yielded more identifiable internal-features. In Experiment 2, increasing the visible extent of external features (to match the target’s) in the presented face-arrays also improved internal-features quality, although less so than when external features were masked throughout construction. Experiment 3 demonstrated that masking external-features promoted substantially more identifiable images than using the previous method of blurring external-features. Overall, the research indicates that external features are a distractive rather than a beneficial cue for face construction; the results also provide a much better method to construct composites, one that should dramatically increase identification of offenders