Biodiesel Dari Campuran Lemak Sapi (Beef Tallow) Dan Minyak Sawit

Cadangan minyak bumi semakin menipis, sehingga dicari bahan bakar alternatif, salah satunya adalah biodiesel. Minyak nabati terutama minyak sawit merupakan bahan baku edible sedangkan lemak sapi merupakan bahan baku non-edible dengan biaya rendah dan memiliki ketersediaan tinggi pada produksi sapi. Pemanfaatan lemak sapi yang belum maksimal dapat digunakan bersama minyak sawit untuk menghasilkan biodiesel. Lemak sapi dicairkan supaya menjadi minyak sapi. Bahan baku minyak sapi dan minyak sawit dicampur dengan perban-dingan 3:1. Campuran minyak ditransesterifikasi dengan metanol dengan perbandingan molar (1:6) dan katalis NaOH. Proses dilakukan selama 90 menit pada suhu ±65°C. Hasil proses transesterifikasi adalah metil ester dan gliserol. Metil ester pada lapisan atas dipisahkan dari gliserol kemudian dilakukan pencucian. Metil ester atau biodiesel selanjutnya diuji angka asam, viskositas, densitas, dan analisis menggunakan GC-MS. Yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari campuran minyak sapi dan minyak sawit adalah 76%, angka asam 0,67124 mg-KOH/g, densitas 857,76 kg/cm³, dan viskositas 3,0074 mm2/s. Kesemua parameter tersebut sesuai dengan standart mutu SNI biodiesel. Kandungan metil ester dari minyak sawit dan lemak sapi adalah metiloleat dan metil palmitat. The availability of the fossil fuel is decreasing; hence the finding of an alternative fuels is very important. One of those alternative fuels is biodiesel. Vegetable oil, especially palm oil is the edible raw material, while the beef tallow is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The beef tallow mixed with palm oil can be used as raw material for producing biodiesel. Firstly, the beef tallow was melted into beef oil. The raw materials of beef tallow and palm oil were mixed with the composition ratio of 3:1. The resulted mixed-oil was transesterificated by adding methanol with molar ratio of 1:6 and NaOH as catalyst. The transesterification process was carried for 90 minutes at ±65°C. Transesterification process produces methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. The produced methyl ester was tested to determine the acid number, viscosity, and density. Analysis of the methyl ester components using GC-MS was also conducted. The experimental results show the yield of produced biodiesel from mixed-oil of beef tallow and palm oil (3:1) was 75.93%. The tested acid number, density, and viscosity were 0.67124 mg-KOH/g, 85.76 kg/cm³, and 3.0074 mm2/s, respectively. Data of the tested methyl ester properties are in accordance with the quality of standard ISO for methyl ester. The content of the produced methyl ester from the mixed-oil of beef tallow and palm oil are metiloleat and methyl palmitate

Application Of Activated Candlenut Shell Using Potassium Hydroxide For Iron Reduction (Fe TO FeSO4)

This study aims to prepare carbon from candlenut shell by carbonation and activation of 1M KOH which is used to adsorb Fe 2+ in solution. The activation process produces changes in structure and functional groups on activated carbon. This study studied the effect of carbonation temperatures of 800 o C with the concentration of activator is KOH 1M with 24 hours activation time. The initial concentration of the solution affects the adsorption capacity of activated carbon, the greater the initial concentration of the solution which is at 5 mg/L, the greater the adsorption capacity. Optimum adsorption occurs at pH 7 by providing an increase of Fe 2+ absorption of ± 7 mg/g and contact time is 120 minutes. The equilibrium review is used using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models , where the most suitable equilibrium is the Freundlich Isotherm model with a value of R 2 = 0.9 848 ; K F = 4,427 ; n = 3,475 . It can be concluded that the activated carbon from the candlenut shell is able to absorb Fe 2+ metal in FeSO 4 solution

The Utilization of Ozone As an Alternatif Chlorine Substitution to Increase Quality of Arenga Starch (Arenga pinnata)

This study was aimed to determine the optimum conditions of flour bleaching with ozonation techniques and compare the effect of chlorination results. The process of bleaching flour with ozonation process is carried out in batch system. The research procedure is to vary the time 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes. Variation in pH 4, 6, native pH of flour, 8, 10 and 1: 3 (b / v) concentration of flour against water. Ozone concentration 0.325 g ozone / hour. The effect of the addition of chlorine is soaked for 180 minutes with the concentration of chlorine to the flour of 0.325% (w / w) and theconcentrationofflour towaterthatis1: 3.The resultsobtainedwerecarriedout by means of data sampling on purpose and were carried out by white degree analysis, organoleptic test, chlorine content test and protein content test. The results of the research that has been done, that the optimum conditions for the bleaching process of flour using ozone are pH 4 with 180 minutes obtained the value of Brightness L* = 93.32, b* = 5.10. Organoleptic results give results that respondents prefer the results of the ozonation process with the classification of odor, color and texture in a row is 9; 8.5;8.6.Theresultsofapositive,andquantitativequalitativechlorinecontenttestwith an Argentometric Mohr titration produced 0.01% (w / w) per 10 g of palm sugar.     Keywords: Chlorination, Ozonation, Bleaching, pH, Palm Flour

Kesetimbangan Adsorpsi Isotermal Logam Pb Dan Cr Pada Limbah Batik Menggunakan Adsorben Tongkol Jagung (Zea Mays)

Batik sebagai salah satu potensi yang ada di Indonesia terkadang menggunakan pewarna sintetis yang mengandung bahan kimia. Limbah yang dihasilkan bisa jadi masih mengandung logam berat yang mempunyai toksisitas yang tinggi. Logam berat pada limbah batik yang mempunyai toksisitas tinggi tersebut antara lain logam timbal (Pb) yang biasanya berasal dari pewarna putih dan Kromium (Cr) dari pewarna merah. Solusi yang ditawarkan untuk mengurangi kadar Pb dan Cr pada limbah batik adalah melakukan proses adsorpsi menggunakan tongkol jagung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui model kesetimbangan yang digunakan untuk melihat keefektifan tongkol jagung sebagai adsorben logam Pb dan Cr adalah Langmuir dan Freundlich dengan variasi konsentrasi Pb yaitu 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 dan 200 mg/L dan Cr pada konsentrasi 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 dan 1000 mg/L. Model kesetimbangan isotherm adsorpsi logam Pb dan Cr menggunakan tongkol jagung dengan waktu kontak 60 menit, kecepatan pengadukan 100 rpm dan 150 rpm. Hasil analisis kesetimbangan adsorpsi isotherm Langmuir untuk logam Pb dan Cr menghasilkan kapasitas adsorpsi 4,25mg/g dan 4,46 mg/g. Analisis kesetimbangan adsorpsi isotermal Freundlich untuk logam Pb dan Cr menghasilkan  tetapan kesetimbangan 3,31 dan 3,41. Kesimpulannya adalah model kesetimbangan adsorpsi Langmuir lebih sesuai digunakan untuk menentukan keefektifan proses adsorpsi logam Pb dan Cr menggunakan tongkol jagung pada limbah batik dibandingkan dengan model Freundlich

Optimasi Yield Etil P Metoksisinamat Pada Ekstraksi Oleoresin Kencur (Kaempferia Galanga) Menggunakan Pelarut Etanol

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional (jamu), fitofarmaka, industri kosmetika, industri makanan, dan industri insektisida. Minyak atsiri rimpang kencur mengandung etil sinnamat dan metil p-metoksi sinamat (EPMS). Ekstraksi oleoresin kencur dilakukan dengan etanol sebagai pelarut. Optimasi yield EPMS diteliti terhadap perbandingan massa serbuk kering kencur dan etanol dan waktu ekstraksi. Perbandingan kencur : etanol yang digunakan adalah 1 : 2, 1 : 3, dan 1 : 4. Waktu operasi yang digunakan adalah 2 s.d 5 jam. Tahapan proses ekstraksi oleoresin kencur adalah preparasi bahan, ekstraksi, evaporasi dan pemurnian. Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi dianalisis dengan uji GC-MS untuk mengetahui kandungan EPMS dan kandungan minyak atsiri lain dalam oleoresin kencur. Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi berwarna coklat tua dengan yield antara 6-8%. Kandungan EPMS dalam oleoresin bervariasi antara 67,77 hingga 87,57%. Massa oleoresin optimal hasil ekstraksi adalah 6,09 gram pada perbandingan kencur dan etanol 1:4 selama 4 jam. Pendekatan persamaan hasil ekperimen ekstraksi kencur dan etanol menghasilkan titik optimal EPMS pada waktu ekstraksi 3,62 dengan massa EPMS 6,04 gram Lesser galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) is widely used as a traditional medicine (herbal medicine), fitofarmaka, cosmetics industry, food industry, and insecticide industry. The essential oils in the Lesser galangal contain ethyl sinnamat and methyl p-methoxy cinnamic (EPMS). The oleoresin extraction of Lesser galangal was performed using ethanol as a solvent. Optimization of the EPMS yield was investigated to dry powder mass ratio of Lesser galangal and ethanol as well as the extraction time. The ratio of Lesser galangal : ethanol was  varied from 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4. The chosen operating time were 2 to 5 hours. The procedure of the oleoresin extraction process of Lesser galangal includes the preparation of materials, extraction, evaporation and purification. The extracted oleoresin was analyzed by GC-MS to determine the content of Ethyl P-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) and other volatile oil content in the oleoresin of Lesser galangal. The extracted oleoresin color was light brown to dark brown with the yield of between 6.31 to 8.3%. The EPMS content of the oleoresin varies between 67.77 to 87.57%. The optimum mass of the extracted oleoresin was 6.09 gram for 1:4 ratio of Lesser galangal : ethanol and 4 hours of the extraction time. The equation approach of the experimental results of Lesser galangal and ethanol produced the EPMS optimum point at the extraction time of 3.62 hours and EPMS mass of 6.04 grams

Kajian Produksi Dan Proses Biosurfaktan Rhamnolipida Dari Limbah Industri Minyak Sawit Dan Turunannya Menggunakan Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Biosurfactant is a useful compound to reduce the surface tension of the liquid produced by microorganisms. Properties of biosurfactants are biodgradable, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic. Palm oil mill effluent is formed of waste water from condensate stew, hydrocyclone water, and sludge separator which has a valuable organic substance such as sugars, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and the rest of the fat is causing microorganisms can grow and thrive. This review contains information biosurfactant production using media processing palm oil and its derivatives by using Pseudomonas aeruginosa to obtain a high yield rhamnolipida. The optimum fermentation conditions to produce biosurfactant rhamnolipida is pH 6.8, 37 ° C, agitation 200 rpm and aeration of 70% or 2L / min. Rhamnolipida biosurfactant application is bioremediation which has the advantages of improving the ability to remove crude oil/oil from the ground / marine so that capture more.Biosurfaktan adalah suatu senyawa yang berguna untuk mengurangi tegangan permukaan cairan dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme. Biosurfaktan ini memiliki sifat biodgradable yang ramah lingkungan dan tidak beracun. Limbah pengolahan minyak sawit berupa air buangan yang berasal dari kondensat rebusan, air hidrosiklon, dan lumpur separator yang memiliki substansi organik yang berharga seperti senyawa gula, karbohidrat, asam amino, asam organik, dan sisa lemak yang menyebabkan mikroorganisme dapat tumbuh dan berkembang. Review ini memuat informasi produksi biosurfaktan menggunakan media limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dan turunannya dengan menggunakan Pseudomonas aeruginosa untuk mendapatkan rhamnolipida yield tinggi. Kondisi fermentasi optimum untuk memproduksi biosurfaktan rhamnolipida adalah pH 6,8, suhu 37oC, agitasi 200 rpm,dan aerasi 70% atau 2L/menit. Aplikasi biosurfaktan rhamnolipida adalah bioremediasi yang mempunyai keunggulan meningkatkan kemampuan mengeluarkan minyak bumi dari tanah/laut sehingga pengambilan minyak lebih optimum

Design and Construction of Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Waste Coconut Shell for the Isolation of Pyroligneous Acid

As a country with a large amount of natural resources, Indonesia should be able to convert this material into more value added product. However, most of the natural resources were sold as a raw material. Process system engineering research center is one of the solution to overcome this problem by developing an integrated and systematic technology. Through this research center, output of the research can be scaled up for large scale production and also can be commercialized to increase the community welfare. One of natural resources which has not been optimally utilized is waste coconut shell (WCS). Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world with areal production of 3.88 ha and 3.2 million ton of coconut products. Several problems arefacedbycoconutagroindustry,i.e.thelackofcoconutbasedproductdiversification and also the large number of WCS. WCS is one of organic waste, however it is quite hard to be decomposed by the microorganism due to its hard texture. This problem may gave high potential in the environmental pollution. In this research, WCS is going to be used as a raw material for pyroligneous acid through pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is a method that is usually used to convert a biomass waste sources into a valuable product through thermal decomposition process without the presence of oxygen. This process will produce solid (char), liquid (bio-oil, tar and pyroligneous acid) and gas. Pyroligneous acid is commonly obtained as a side product from the production of active carbon and to date it has not been utilized economically. In the other hand, pyroligneous acid can be used as an anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-biofilm and also as an anti inflammatory. This properties are available due to the presence of organic matter and phenolic compound in the pyroligneous acid. This characteristics showedthatpyroligneousacidishighlypotentialasrawmaterialindrugsandpharmacy industries. Pyrolysis process requires high temperature which has range between 500 – 600 ∘C. In this paper, it will be discussed a pyrolysis equipment design and productionofpyroligneousacidfromWCSbyusingmicrowave-assistedpyrolysis(MAP).     Keywords: Coconut Shel, Pyroligneous Acid, Pyrolysis, Microwave, Pharmac

Kajian Produksi Dan Proses Biosurfaktan Rhamnolipida Dari Limbah Industri Minyak Sawit Dan Turunannya Menggunakan Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Biosurfactant is a useful compound to reduce the surface tension of the liquid produced by microorganisms. Properties of biosurfactants are biodgradable, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic. Palm oil mill effluent is formed of waste water from condensate stew, hydrocyclone water, and sludge separator which has a valuable organic substance such as sugars, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and the rest of the fat is causing microorganisms can grow and thrive. This review contains information biosurfactant production using media processing palm oil and its derivatives by using Pseudomonas aeruginosa to obtain a high yield rhamnolipida. The optimum fermentation conditions to produce biosurfactant rhamnolipida is pH 6.8, 37 ° C, agitation 200 rpm and aeration of 70% or 2L / min. Rhamnolipida biosurfactant application is bioremediation which has the advantages of improving the ability to remove crude oil/oil from the ground / marine so that capture more.Biosurfaktan adalah suatu senyawa yang berguna untuk mengurangi tegangan permukaan cairan dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme. Biosurfaktan ini memiliki sifat biodgradable yang ramah lingkungan dan tidak beracun. Limbah pengolahan minyak sawit berupa air buangan yang berasal dari kondensat rebusan, air hidrosiklon, dan lumpur separator yang memiliki substansi organik yang berharga seperti senyawa gula, karbohidrat, asam amino, asam organik, dan sisa lemak yang menyebabkan mikroorganisme dapat tumbuh dan berkembang. Review ini memuat informasi produksi biosurfaktan menggunakan media limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dan turunannya dengan menggunakan Pseudomonas aeruginosa untuk mendapatkan rhamnolipida yield tinggi. Kondisi fermentasi optimum untuk memproduksi biosurfaktan rhamnolipida adalah pH 6,8, suhu 37oC, agitasi 200 rpm,dan aerasi 70% atau 2L/menit. Aplikasi biosurfaktan rhamnolipida adalah bioremediasi yang mempunyai keunggulan meningkatkan kemampuan mengeluarkan minyak bumi dari tanah/laut sehingga pengambilan minyak lebih optimum

PELATIHAN APLIKASI TURNITIN DAN MENDELEY SOFTWARE BAGI MAHASISWA UNNES DALAM RANGKA PENINGKAATAN KOMPETENSI

Di dalam dunia akademik, akademisi tidak pernah lepas dari budaya menulis artikel ilmiah. Baik penulisan artikel untuk mengikuti suatu lomba, memenuhi tugas kuliah, menulis laporan penelitian hingga artikel untuk dipublikasikan pada jurnal baik nasional maupun internasional. Permasalahan utama yang dialami penulis serta mitra dalam menuliskan artikel ilmiah adalah masalah orisinalitas, praktik plagiarisme serta penyusunan refrensi. Plagiarisme merupakan salah satu tindak pidana yang mengambil, menerbitkan atau menyatakan sebagai milik sendiri dari orang lain, dalam hal ini hasil dari suatu pemikiran sang pencipta. Praktik plagiarisme dalam penulisan tugas, karya ilmiah, skripsi maupun disertasi masih banyak kita jumpai di kalangan akademisi, baik mahasiswa, guru maupun dosen. Sebelum kegiatan sosialisasi, dilakukan observasi untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan yang dimiliki oleh para peserta tentang penulisan artikel terutama mengenai plagiasi dan penyusunan refrensi. Metode yang dilakukan adalah tanya jawab. Hampir 90% peserta belum mengetahui cara menggunakan Turnitin dan Mendeley dalam penulisan jurnal. Hasil kuisioner mahasiswa sangat puas dengan adanya pelatihan Turnitin dan Mendeley

IMPLEMENTATION OF CHEMO-ENTREPRENEURSHIP TEACHING APPROACH FOR IMPROVING STUDENTS’ LIFE SKILLS

The Implementation of Chemo-entrepreneurship (CEP) Teaching Approach in Improving Students’ Life Skills The study aimed at developing an innovative teaching method. Chemo-entrepreneurship (CEP) approach is a method is Chemistry teaching which relates the theory with everyday objects. This method provides the knowledge as well as the skills of Chemistry in order to transform raw materials into valuable products. The focus of the study was the improvement of students’ achievement and the devel­opment of students’ life skills. The subjects of the study were 39 students from the Chemistry Education Department of Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES). The data were obtained from the observation of the subjects, which were finally analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed that the CEP teaching method was successfully implemented, and the students got better achievement. The study also revealed that the means of students’ life skills were also improved.s’ achievement of learning was in­creased. Students’ average life skill score was also improved