Impact of Sanitary and Technical Measures on Brazilian Exports of Poultry Meat

The major objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of technical and sanitary measures introduced by the main world importers upon Brazilian poultry meat in the international market. The impact of the measures is estimated using a gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral poultry meat between Brazil and its major trade partners for the period from 1996 to 2009. The gravity model is estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicate that the impact of TBT and SPS measures upon Brazilian poultry meat exports is ambiguous. The results indicated that the existence of technical and sanitary regulations related to labelling might be stimulating trade of this product, while the presence regulations related to compliance appears to reduce the volume of Brazilian exports of poultry meat. In addition, the existence of prohibitive (and/or subject to quarantine) technical and sanitary measures may present a positive impact upon the traded volume of Brazilian exports of poultry meat. This result is relevant since it indicates the importance in considering different characteristics and content of regulations to analyse the impacts of TBT and SPS measures upon trade.Technical and Sanitary measure, Poultry meat, Gravity equation, International Relations/Trade,

IMPORTÂNCIA DAS EXIGÊNCIAS TÉCNICAS À EXPORTAÇÃO DE EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS

This article presents results of a survey applied to Brazilian exporting firms to obtain primary data, which are subject to a statistical analysis about the relative importance attributed to technical barriers to trade. The methodological procedure used consisted in Rio Branco – Acre, 20 a 23 de julho de 2008 Sociedade Brasileira de Economia, Administração e Sociologia Rural factor analysis. This allowed the construction of three indexes: Traditional determinants Index - ICOND, Trade Impediments Index - IIMP and Technical requirements Index - IEXIG. The results indicated that technical requirements effects are different than other variables that affect exports. Additionally, the firms surveyed considered the IEXIG more restrictive than IIMP to their exports. This perception is different within the sectors evaluated.technical barriers, Brazilian exports, factor analysis, International Relations/Trade,

Heterogeneity Index of Trade and Actual Heterogeneity Index – the case of maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticides

Non-tariff measures (NTMs) beyond traditional trade policy instruments define the requirements that importing countries imposed on foreign products. Due to differences across countries, requirements for supplying foreign markets can lead to trade costs and thus hamper international trade. In this paper, we introduce two regulatory heterogeneity indexes which are subsequently applied to the case maximum residue levels (MRLs) of pesticides. The Heterogeneity Index of Trade (HIT) reflects the respective differences across countries based on the assumption that the mere fact of difference in requirements causes trade costs. Taking the HIT index as a starting point, the Actual Heterogeneity Index (AHI) specially considers the situation where the requirements demanded by the importing country are stricter than those of the exporting country. The focuses is on the pesticide MRLs that the EU27 and 10 trade partner countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, Russia and the US) apply on a set of agri-food products (cheese, beef, pig meat, potatoes, tomatoes, apples and pears, aubergines, peppers, maize, barley and rape seed). In particular, we take the EU export perspective as the benchmark for the comparison and calculate the indexes. The indexes identify if the respective MRLs are similar or dissimilar, equal, stricter or more lenient, and the results of our analysis thus point out potential areas for negotiating equivalence or other strategies in order to overcome the possible trade-restricting impact of diverging MRLs.Non-tariff measures (NTMs), maximum residue levels (MRLs), regulatory heterogeneity index, agri-food trade, index analysis, Agricultural and Food Policy, International Relations/Trade, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

AVALIAÇÃO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL EM TRÊS PARQUES ESTADUAIS DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL, NO PERÍODO ENTRE 1985 A 2014.

Três Parques Estaduais do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, que possuem planos de manejo em operação, foram avaliados em relação à situação de sua cobertura vegetal pelo Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e relacionados os dados com sua sustentabilidade, buscando-se apresentar a evolução do uso e ocupação da terra e do índice de vegetação, compreendendo as influências trazida pela implantação dos parques e seus planos de manejo na preservação do ambiente e sua sustentabilidade. Foram utilizadas imagens Landsat TM 7 e Landsat LC 8 dos anos de 1985, 2000 e 2014, respectivamente, as quais foram processadas em ambiente SIG, por meio do uso dos softwares SIG Spring 5.2.6 e no SIG ArcGis. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os parques estaduais Nascentes do Rio Taquari, Pantanal do Rio Negro e Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema tem sofrido pressões e depleções em decorrência de uso inadequado dos recursos naturais, em suas zonas de amortecimento, que dificultam a sua conservação. Os índices NDVI e de uso e ocupação da terra obtidos apresentaram certa resiliência do ambiente, porém, apontam recuos significativos e perdas de qualidade da cobertura de vegetal, prospectando-se um cenário de dificuldades em frear os impactos contra as unidades de conservação, bem como em promover a recuperação e manutenção do ambiente, diante da constatação de que ainda é incipiente a implantação efetiva dos seus planos de manejo

Monitoring Changes Over a Training Macrocycle in Regional Age‐Group Swimmers.

Our aim was to analyze physiological, kinematical and performance changes induced by swimming training in regional age‐group athletes. Subjects (15.7 ± 2.2 years old) performed a 4 x 50‐m front‐crawl test at maximal velocity (10 s rest interval) in weeks 2, 4, 9 and 12 of a 15‐week macrocycle. Descriptive statistics were used and the percentage of change and smallest worthwhile change (moderate, 0.6‐1.2, and large, > 1.2) were measured. Lactate concentration in the third, seventh and twelfth minute of recovery decreased significantly between weeks 2‐9 (14.1, 15.7 and 17.6%) and increased between weeks 9‐12 (18.2, 18.6 and 19.8%), with the HR presenting only trivial variations during the training period. Stroke length showed a large decrease in the first 50‐m trial between weeks 4‐9 (6.2%) and a large increase between weeks 9‐12 (3.1%). The stroke rate (in all 50‐m trials) increased significantly between weeks 4‐9 (3‐ 7%) and the stroke index had a moderate to large increase in the first and third 50‐m trial (3.6 and 7.1%, respectively) between weeks 9‐12. The overall time decreased by 1.1% between weeks 2‐12, being more evident after week 4. We concluded that physiological, kinematical and performance variables were affected by the period of training in regional age‐group swimmers

Supply Behavior of Hydrous Ethanol in Brazil

Este estudo construiu um modelo econômico para a oferta de etanol hidratado e de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Um modelo econométrico de dados em painel foi usado para estimar os modelos econômicos, utilizando as informações dos principais estados produtores, no período 2000/01— 2011/12. Os resultados indicaram a elasticidade-preço da oferta de etanol hidratado de 0,75 e que o preço do etanol anidro teve uma influência relevante sobre o preço do etanol hidratado no período. Para a oferta de cana-de-açúcar, a área plantada e o número de usinas recém instaladas foram importantes para explicar a área plantada correnteThis study built an economic model for hydrous ethanol and sugarcane supply. A panel data econometric model was used to estimate the economic models, using data from the main producer states in Brazil and for the period 2000/01—2012/13. The results indicated that the supply price elasticity for hydrous ethanol was 0.75 and that anhydrous ethanol price had a relevant influence on hydrous ethanol price through this period. For the sugarcane supply, the planted area and the number of newly installed plants were important determinants of the current planted are

Exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores, horses and domestic dogs to Leptospira spp in the northern Pantanal, Brazil

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting most mammals and is distributed throughout the world. Several species of domestic and wild animals may act as reservoirs for this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores, horses and domestic dogs on a private reserve located in the northern Pantanal (Brazil) and the surrounding areas to Leptospira spp from 2002-2006, 75 free-ranging wild carnivores were captured in the Pantanal and serum samples were collected. In addition, samples from 103 domestic dogs and 23 horses in the region were collected. Serum samples were tested for the presence of Leptospira antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test. Thirty-two wild carnivores (42.7%) were considered positive with titres > 100, and 18 domestic dogs (17.5%) and 20 horses (74.1%) were also found to be positive. Our study showed that horses, dogs and several species of free-ranging wild carnivores have been exposed to Leptospira spp in the Pantanal, suggesting that the peculiar characteristics of this biome, such as high temperatures and an extended period of flooding, may favour bacterial persistence and transmission. In this region, wild carnivores and horses seem to be important hosts for the epidemiology of Leptospira species.CNPqSES

Diagnosis and Assessment of Environmental Preservation’s Efficiency in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul after the Inclusion of Payment for Environmental Services

Este estudo como objetivo reunir e analisar informações sobre a conformidade de políticas de identificação, manutenção, conservação e preservação do ambiente e dos recursos naturais do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, como também avaliar a reciprocidade entre Pagamento de Serviços Ambientais do ICMS Ecológico e a preservação ambiental nas áreas territoriais das UCs nos municípios, com base na análise das informações do Sistema de Unidades de Conservação do Instituto de Meio Ambiente do Mato Grosso do Sul, no período de 2002 a 2014. Utilizou-se a Análise Envoltória de Dados nos dados obtidos das unidades de conservação de cada município, possibilitando posicionar os escores de eficiência do estado satisfatório de conservação e traçar o perfil do novo paradigma relativo a ações municipais frente à implantação, à manutenção, ao reconhecimento e à evolução de novas unidades no Estado. A importância dos valores repassados do ICMS Ecológico se reflete no empenho dos municípios em relação à criação de UCs, posto que, em 2002, havia 111 UCs em 52 municípios, perfazendo um repasse de R$14,853 milhões. Já em 2014, eram 169 UCs em 66 municípios, com repasse total de R$ 68,080 milhões. Mostra-se no estudo a incipiência de ações proativas na gestão e no incremento de políticas de conservação do ambiente e que em poucos municípios ocorreram casos de eficiências localizadas em alguns anos, que não se mantiveram em períodos subsequentes, ressaltando a carência de estratégias duráveis para preservação dos recursos naturais no Estado.This study aims at gathering and analyzing information on the compliance of policies of identification, maintenance, conservation and preservation of the environment and natural resources of the State, and also at assessing reciprocity between Environmental Services Payment (ESP) and the ecological environmental preservation in territorial areas of conservation units in the municipalities, based on the analysis of information from the Protected Areas’ System from the Mato Grosso do Sul’s Environmental Institute (IMASUL) from 2002 to 2014. The data enrollment analysis (DEA) was applied over the data obtained from protected areas of each municipality, enabling the positioning of the satisfactory efficiency conditions of conservation scores and profiling the new paradigm for the municipal actions against deployment, maintenance, recognition and evolution of new units in Mato Grosso do Sul. The importance of the values passed on to the Ecological ICMS reflects itself on the commitment of the municipalities in relation to the establishment of Protected Areas (PAs). Once in 2002, there were 111 protected areas in 52 municipalities of the state, adding up a transfer of $14,853,000; then in 2014, there were 169 protected areas in 66 municipalities and a total wire of$ 68,080,000. The application of data enrollment analysis (DEA) on social, economic and environmental indicators of each municipality data enabled protected areas to place efficient scores in satisfactory conditions in these municipalities in the state of MS, and profiling a new paradigm on municipal actions against deployment, maintenance and recognition of PAs. This study shows the inefficiency of proactive actions over management and development of environmental conservation policies, and that in a few cases there was some level of efficiency concentrated in certain years, which did not remain in subsequent periods, reinforcing the lack of long term strategies for conservation of natural resources in the state

A balança comercial bilateral Brasil – Estados Unidos (1983-2002): uma abordagem econométrica

The objective of the research is to identify the relationship among to bilateral trade balance and the rate of real exchange, the internal income and the external income. For that, it is necessary to estimate the relationship among the variables mentioned previously, using Zini Jr's model (1995). The rate of real exchange and the internal income were significant to explain the oscillations of long period in SBC. The external income and the constant did not present statistical meaning, however in the group the estimate is significant to explain the relationship.O objetivo da pesquisa é verificar a relação entre a balança comercial bilateral e a taxa de câmbio real, a renda interna e a renda externa. Para tanto, realiza-se a estimação econométrica da relação entre as variáveis citadas anteriormente utilizando o modelo de Zini Jr (1995). De acordo com os resultadosencontrados, a taxa de câmbio real e a renda interna foram significativas para explicar as oscilações do SBC. A renda externa e a constante não apresentaram significância estatística, porém no conjunto a estimação é significativa para explicar a relação