The impacts of joint forest management on forest condition, livelihoods and governance : case studies from Morogoro Region in Tanzania

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Dryland adaptation in Northeast Brazil: Lessons from a community-based pilot project

Family farmers in Brazil’s semi-arid region (the Sertão) are highly vulnerable to climate change. In this context, the community-based Adapta Sertão (“adapt Sertão” or “adapt the Sertão”) pilot project aims to strengthen the adaptive capacity of such families in the region of Pintadas, State of Bahia, through integration of immediate livelihood needs with community empowerment and market-based incentives. This short paper discusses the project’s main components, its results and constraints since implementation in 2006. The project is found to have contributed to rural livelihood improvement of its beneficiaries, especially where related to local capacity building. However, the impacts of the strongest drought recorded in the last 50 years continue to affect beneficiaries. CBA in semiarid Brazil may thus need to interact more broadly with those public policies, plans and programs help reduce vulnerability to climatic, social, environmental and economic stressors in general, in order to help family farmers better to sustainably adapt to future climate change.Los agricultores familiares en la región semiárida de Brasil (Sertão) son muy vulnerables al cambio climático. En este contexto, el proyecto piloto basado en la comunidad Adapta Sertão («adaptar Sertão» o «adaptar la región de Sertão») está dirigido a fortalecer la capacidad de adaptación de dichas familias en la región de Pintadas, Estado de Bahía, a través de la integración de las necesidades de subsistencia inmediatas mediante capacitación de la comunidad e iniciativas basadas en el mercado. Este informe breve aborda los principales elementos del proyecto, sus resultados y limitaciones desde su implementación en 2006. Se ha descubierto que el proyecto ha contribuido a la mejora de las condiciones de subsistencia de sus beneficiarios en regiones rurales, en especial, en relación con la construcción de capacidades locales. No obstante, el impacto de la sequía más importante registrada en los últimos 50 años sigue afectando a los beneficiarios. De este modo, la CBA en la región semiárida de Brasil tendrá que interactuar en mayor profundidad con políticas, planes y programas para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad a factores de estrés climáticos, sociales, medioambientales y económicos en general, a fin de ayudar a los agricultores familiares a adaptarse de una forma más sostenible al cambio climático futuro.Les familles d'exploitants agricoles du Sertão, région semi-aride du Brésil, sont très vulnérables au changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, le projet pilote communautaire Adapta Sertão ("adapter le Sertão") vise à renforcer la capacité d'adaptation de ces familles dans la région de Pintadas, dans l'Etat de Bahia, par l'intégration des besoins de moyens de subsistance immédiats via l'autonomisation des communautés et des incitations commerciales. Ce court article expose les principaux éléments du projet, ses résultats et ses contraintes depuis sa mise en oeuvre en 2006. Ce projet a contribué à améliorer la vie rurale de ses bénéficiaires, en particulier concernant le développement des capacités locales. Toutefois, les conséquences de la plus forte sécheresse qu'ait connu le Brésil au cours de ces 50 dernières années, continuent d'affecter les bénéficiaires. L'adaptation communautaire dans les régions semi-arides du Brésil peut ainsi passer par une interaction à plus grande échelle avec ces politiques, plans et programmes publics visant à réduire la vulnérabilité aux facteurs de stress climatiques, sociaux, environnementaux et économiques en général, afin de faciliter l'adaptation des familles d'exploitants agricoles au changement climatique futur de manière durable

Return on investment for mangrove and reef flood protection

There is a growing need for coastal and marine restoration, but it is not clear how to pay for it given that environmental funding is low, and national budgets are stretched in response to natural hazards. We use risk-industry methods and find that coral reef and mangrove restoration could yield strong Return on Investment (ROI) for flood risk reduction on shorelines across more than 20 Caribbean countries. These results are robust to changes in discount rates and the timing of restoration benefits. Data on restoration costs are sparse, but the Present Value (PV) of restored natural infrastructure shows that ROI would be positive in many locations even if restoration costs are in the hundreds of thousand per hectare for mangroves and millions per km for reefs. Based on these benefits, we identify significant sources of funding for restoring these natural defenses.This work was supported in part by the Kingfisher Foundation, the World Bank, AXA XL, AXA Research Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. We thank Chris Lowrie for help with the figures

Detecting and predicting forest degradation: A comparison of ground surveys and remote sensing in Tanzanian forests

Funder: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013724Funder: Global Environment Facility; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011150Funder: Danish International Development Agency; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011054Funder: Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services DivisionFunder: Finnish International Development AgencyFunder: Leverhulme Trust; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275Societal Impact Statement: Large areas of tropical forest are degraded. While global tree cover is being mapped with increasing accuracy from space, much less is known about the quality of that tree cover. Here we present a field protocol for rapid assessments of forest condition. Using extensive field data from Tanzania, we show that a focus on remotely‐sensed deforestation would not detect significant reductions in forest quality. Radar‐based remote sensing of degradation had good agreement with the ground data, but the ground surveys provided more insights into the nature and drivers of degradation. We recommend the combined use of rapid field assessments and remote sensing to provide an early warning, and to allow timely and appropriately targeted conservation and policy responses. Summary: Tropical forest degradation is widely recognised as a driver of biodiversity loss and a major source of carbon emissions. However, in contrast to deforestation, more gradual changes from degradation are challenging to detect, quantify and monitor. Here, we present a field protocol for rapid, area‐standardised quantifications of forest condition, which can also be implemented by non‐specialists. Using the example of threatened high‐biodiversity forests in Tanzania, we analyse and predict degradation based on this method. We also compare the field data to optical and radar remote‐sensing datasets, thereby conducting a large‐scale, independent test of the ability of these products to map degradation in East Africa from space. Our field data consist of 551 ‘degradation’ transects collected between 1996 and 2010, covering >600 ha across 86 forests in the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests. Degradation was widespread, with over one‐third of the study forests—mostly protected areas—having more than 10% of their trees cut. Commonly used optical remote‐sensing maps of complete tree cover loss only detected severe impacts (≥25% of trees cut), that is, a focus on remotely‐sensed deforestation would have significantly underestimated carbon emissions and declines in forest quality. Radar‐based maps detected even low impacts (<5% of trees cut) in ~90% of cases. The field data additionally differentiated types and drivers of harvesting, with spatial patterns suggesting that logging and charcoal production were mainly driven by demand from major cities. Rapid degradation surveys and radar remote sensing can provide an early warning and guide appropriate conservation and policy responses. This is particularly important in areas where forest degradation is more widespread than deforestation, such as in eastern and southern Africa

Mismatch-Arbeitslosigkeit: Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen aus arbeitsmarktpolitischer und personalwirtschaftlicher Sicht

Hamburg, Univ., DiplomarbeitAvailable from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel B 279274 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Seeing the wood for the trees: an assessment of the impact of participatory forest management on forest condition in Tanzania

Over the past 15 years the Tanzanian government has promoted participatory forest management (both joint forest management and community-based forest management) as a major strategy for managing natural forests for sustainable use and conservation. Such management is currently either operational or in the process of being established in.3.6million ha of forest land and in.1,800 villages. Data fromthree case studies of forestsmanaged using participatory and non-participatory forest management approaches suggest that community involvement in forest management is correlated with improving forest condition. In our first case study we demonstrate increasing basal area and volume of trees per ha over time in miombo woodland and coastal forest habitats under participatory forest management compared with similar forests under state or open access management. In our second case study three coastal forest and sub-montane Eastern Arc forests under participatory forest management show a greater number of trees per ha, and mean height and diameter of trees compared to three otherwise similar forests under state management. In our third case study levels of cutting in coastal forest and Eastern Arc forests declined over time since initiation in participatory forest management sites. We conclude that participatory forest management is showing signs of delivering impact in terms of improved forest condition in Tanzanian forests but that further assessments need to be made to verify these initial findingsWe thank the staff of the Forestry and Beekeeping Division for sharing data obtained through the national assessment of PFM in Tanzania, and their agreement to use these data. The national PFM assessment, as well as the forest assessment work undertaken by J. Isango, was made possible by a grant to the government of Tanzania from the Danish government under a wider grant in support of PFM. The work by K. Pfliegner around Uluguru was supported by a research grant from the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and undertaken in cooperation with the Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania. Much of the work undertaken by E. Zahabu was supported by the Netherlands Directorate for Development Cooperation through the University of Twente, Netherlands. Disturbance transect data from the Eastern Arc Mountains analysed by A. Ahrends come from reports produced mainly by Frontier-Tanzania (a collaboration of the Society for Environmental Exploration and the University of Dar es Salaam). We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the Society for Environmental Exploration staff in London (especially E. Fanning) and the many Frontier-Tanzania staff and volunteers who collected data, especially N. Doggart, K. Doody, C. Bracebridge, V. Williams and N. Owens. Data for the coastal forests were primarily collected by A. Ahrends and B. Mhoro using funding from CEPF, WWF-Tanzania and the University of Greifswald, Germany. We also thank WWF-US and University of Cambridge, UK (Valuing the Arc) for covering the time of N. Burgess during the preparation of this paper. A. Ahrends was funded by the Marie-Curie Excellence programme of the European 6th Framework under contract MEXTCT- 2004-517098 to Dr. Rob Marchant, who we also thank for useful comments on an earlier draft. Two anonymous referees also provided valuable suggestions. Fig. 1 was prepared by J. Green, supported by WWF-US

Mismatch-Arbeitslosigkeit Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen aus arbeitsmarktpolitischer und personalwirtschaftlicher Sicht

IAB / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Dryland adaptation in Northeast Brazil: Lessons from a community-based pilot project

Family farmers in Brazil’s semi-arid region (the Sertão) are highly vulnerable to climate change. In this context, the community-based Adapta Sertão (“adapt Sertão” or “adapt the Sertão”) pilot project aims to strengthen the adaptive capacity of such families in the region of Pintadas, State of Bahia, through integration of immediate livelihood needs with community empowerment and market-based incentives. This short paper discusses the project’s main components, its results and constraints since implementation in 2006. The project is found to have contributed to rural livelihood improvement of its beneficiaries, especially where related to local capacity building. However, the impacts of the strongest drought recorded in the last 50 years continue to affect beneficiaries. CBA in semiarid Brazil may thus need to interact more broadly with those public policies, plans and programs help reduce vulnerability to climatic, social, environmental and economic stressors in general, in order to help family farmers better to sustainably adapt to future climate change