Mer, mera, fler, flera. En studie av några komparativa myckenhetspronomen

Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att föra förståelsen av vilka kriterier som styr valet mellan mer och fler, i svenska språket, en liten bit framåt. Uppsatsens bisyfte är dels att föra förståelsen av vilka kriterier som styr valet mellan mer och mera framåt, dels att föra förståelsen av vilka kriterier som styr valet mellan fler och flera framåt. För att genomföra detta använder jag mig av två verktyg: empiri och introspektion. Materialet är hämtat från Gp03a och består av 679 meningar. Materialet har analyserats syntaktiskt, semantiskt och fonologiskt. Vid den syntaktiska analysen har jag ur materialet urskiljt fem nominala konstruktionstyper och en adverbiell konstruktionstyp. Jag har även gjort en sammanräkning av vilken satsledsfunktion som frasen som myckenhetspronomenet ingår i har. Den semantiska analysen har genomförts genom att konstruktionens substantiv kategoriserats enligt en semantisk analysmodell som baseras på Svenska Akademiens Grammatik (Teleman et. al 1999). Den fonologiska analysen har utförts genom att inledningsgrafemet av efterföljande ord har studerats. Resultaten och tolkningen av resultaten visar i stora drag att uppfattningen av referenten som individuativ eller dividuativ på olika sätt verkar vara det avgörande kriteriet för valet mellan mer och fler. Detta verkar även gälla för konstruktioner där mer och fler tidigare beskrivits som lexikaliserade förbindelser (t.ex. mer än trettio skivor). Valet mellan mer och fler kan understundom även bero på antalet dividuativa betydelsekomponenter hos substantivet. Valet mellan mer och mera kan i en konstruktion ha fonologiska orsaker. Valet mellan fler och flera kan i vissa fall bero att tidsangivande substantiv bildar lexikaliserade fraser med positivt flera så att en blockeringseffekt uppstår för flera med relativ betydelse. Vidare kan även valet av mer i adverbfraser ha att göra med att adjektiv och verb uppfattas som dividuativa (detta är dock endast ett resonemangsförslag som saknar närmare empirisk analys)

Quantification in Swedish child language - with special reference to the quantifier expression alla

The purpose of this paper is to analyse and discuss Swedish speaking children’s use and understanding of quantification with special reference to the quantifier expression alla (‘all’). The data has been collected from Richthoff’s corpus, the Göteborg Spoken Language Corpora and an observation period I carried out at a preschool in Göteborg. After describing and discussing several aspects of the syntax and the semantics of Swedish quantification, I argue that we have good reasons to treat Swedish quantifier expressions as a separate part of speech (labelled Q). I then address the following questions: Which quantifier expressions do children use? Which quantifier expressions do adults use? How do children use quantifier expressions? How are quantifier expressions used in speech directed to children? How do children interpret alla – generically or specifically? When do they start interpreting alla generically? I try to see what the data suggest as answers to these questions, with special reference to the quantifier expression alla. I also present data on the syntactic and semantic problems the children appear to have. In section 5 I explain some of the data by introducing the psychological notion “theory of mind”, a label for social cognition apparent in adults. I argue that some of the children’s difficulties with quantifier expressions might be due to their difficulties with shifting perspective in a social situation. Some of their problems, however, seem to arise because the category Q is not fully developed in child language – sometimes they therefore treat the quantifier expressions as other categories. I argue that the children sometimes treat quantifier expressions as modifiers to nouns. At the end of the paper I suggest an account of children’s difficulties with quantification based on a proposal for English and Korean speaking children (Kang 2001)

Disarming Context Dependence. A Formal Inquiry into Indexicalism and Truth-Conditional Pragmatics

In the debate about semantic context dependence, various truth-conditional frameworks have been proposed. Indexicalism, associated with e.g. Jason Stanley, accounts for contextual effects on truth conditions in terms of a rich covert syntax. Truth-conditional pragmatics, associated with e.g. François Recanati, does not locate the mechanisms for context dependence in the syntactic structure but provides a more complex semantics. In this dissertation, the hypothesis that indexicalism and truth-conditional pragmatics are empirically equivalent is explored. The conclusion that the hypothesis is correct emerges, when claims and accounts in the debate are made formally precise, within the framework of model-theoretic semantics

iNOS-Dependent Increase in Colonic Mucus Thickness in DSS-Colitic Rats

Aim: To investigate colonic mucus thickness in vivo in health and during experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Colitis was induced with 5% DSS in drinking water for 8 days prior to experiment, when the descending colonic mucosa of anesthetized rats was studied using intravital microscopy. Mucus thickness was measured with micropipettes attached to a micromanipulator. To assess the contributions of NOS and prostaglandins in the regulation of colonic mucus thickness, the non-selective NOS-inhibitor L-NNA (10 mg/kg bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h), the selective iNOS-inhibitor L-NIL (10 mg/kg bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h) and the non-selective COX-inhibitor diclofenac (5 mg/kg) were administered intravenously prior to experiment. To further investigate the role of iNOS in the regulation of colonic mucus thickness, iNOS -/- mice were used. Results: Colitic rats had a thicker firmly adherent mucus layer following 8 days of DSS treatment than untreated rats (88 +/- 2 mu m vs 76 +/- 1 mu m). During induction of colitis, the thickness of the colonic mucus layer initially decreased but was from day 3 significantly thicker than in untreated rats. Diclofenac reduced the mucus thickness similarly in colitic and untreated rats (-16 +/- 5 mu m vs -14 +/- 2 mu m). While L-NNA had no effect on colonic mucus thickness in DSS or untreated controls (+3 +/- 2 mm vs +3 +/- 1 mu m), L-NIL reduced the mucus thickness significantly more in colitic rats than in controls (-33 +/- 4 mu m vs -10 +/- 3 mu m). The importance of iNOS in regulating the colonic mucus thickness was confirmed in iNOS-/- mice, which had thinner colonic mucus than wild-type mice (35 +/- 3 mu m vs 50 +/- 2 mu m, respectively). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased levels of iNOS in the colonic surface epithelium following DSS treatment. Conclusion: Both prostaglandins and nitric oxide regulate basal colonic mucus thickness. During onset of colitis, the thickness of the mucus layer is initially reduced followed by an iNOS mediated increase

iNOS-Dependent Increase in Colonic Mucus Thickness in DSS-Colitic Rats

Aim: To investigate colonic mucus thickness in vivo in health and during experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Colitis was induced with 5% DSS in drinking water for 8 days prior to experiment, when the descending colonic mucosa of anesthetized rats was studied using intravital microscopy. Mucus thickness was measured with micropipettes attached to a micromanipulator. To assess the contributions of NOS and prostaglandins in the regulation of colonic mucus thickness, the non-selective NOS-inhibitor L-NNA (10 mg/kg bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h), the selective iNOS-inhibitor L-NIL (10 mg/kg bolus followed by 3 mg/kg/h) and the non-selective COX-inhibitor diclofenac (5 mg/kg) were administered intravenously prior to experiment. To further investigate the role of iNOS in the regulation of colonic mucus thickness, iNOS -/- mice were used. Results: Colitic rats had a thicker firmly adherent mucus layer following 8 days of DSS treatment than untreated rats (88 +/- 2 mu m vs 76 +/- 1 mu m). During induction of colitis, the thickness of the colonic mucus layer initially decreased but was from day 3 significantly thicker than in untreated rats. Diclofenac reduced the mucus thickness similarly in colitic and untreated rats (-16 +/- 5 mu m vs -14 +/- 2 mu m). While L-NNA had no effect on colonic mucus thickness in DSS or untreated controls (+3 +/- 2 mm vs +3 +/- 1 mu m), L-NIL reduced the mucus thickness significantly more in colitic rats than in controls (-33 +/- 4 mu m vs -10 +/- 3 mu m). The importance of iNOS in regulating the colonic mucus thickness was confirmed in iNOS-/- mice, which had thinner colonic mucus than wild-type mice (35 +/- 3 mu m vs 50 +/- 2 mu m, respectively). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased levels of iNOS in the colonic surface epithelium following DSS treatment. Conclusion: Both prostaglandins and nitric oxide regulate basal colonic mucus thickness. During onset of colitis, the thickness of the mucus layer is initially reduced followed by an iNOS mediated increase

Goblet cell count in control- and DSS-treated rats.

<p>(<b>A</b>) PAS-staining of the colon of control rats (left) and DSS treated rats 8 days after colitis induction (right). Pink cells are PAS-positive. Bar 200 µm. (<b>B</b>) Quantification of the number of goblet cells per crypt (p<0.05). n = 24 in each group.</p

Firmly adherent mucus thickness in DSS-treated rats.

<p>Firmly adherent mucus thickness during 8 days following colitis induction with DSS. The initial decrease in mucus thickness was followed by an increased mucus thickness from day 3 compared to controls, day 0 (p<0.05). Disease Activity Index was also significantly increased from day 3 and onward.</p

Firmly adherent mucus thickness in L-NNA-, L-NIL- and diclofenac-treated rats.

<p>Firmly adherent mucus thickness and mean changes in thickness in controls and DSS-colitic rats 60 minutes after the administration of either (<b>A</b>) L-NNA, (<b>B</b>) L-NIL or (<b>C</b>) diclofenac. (<b>A</b>) L-NNA had no effect on mucus thickness in either control or colitic rats<b>.</b> (<b>C</b>) Diclofenac decreased mucus thickness comparably in both groups while L-NIL reduced mucus thickness more in DSS-colitic than in control rats (<b>B</b>). (p<0.05). n = 6 in all groups.</p