Pragmatic Comprehension of English Refusals by Spanish-English Bilinguals

This study investigated the pragmatic comprehension and production of the speech act of refusals in English by a group of Spanish-English bilinguals (SEB) in comparison with native English speakers (NES), taking into account variables such as length of residency in the L2 environment, type of refusals and level of politeness. Other variables explored included speed of lexical access and working memory. SEB who learned English as adults were divided into two groups (short, long) according to their length of residency in an English language environment. All participants performed a Pragmatic Listening Task (PLT) and an oral production task both involving four types of refusals at three levels of politeness, as well as tasks related to working memory and speed of lexical access, and completed a language contact survey. Results showed that across groups the easiest types of refusal to comprehend were direct refusals, and indirect refusals with upgraders, followed by indirect refusals with downgraders, in turn followed by implicatures. SEB of both lengths of residency did not differ from NES in the comprehension of direct refusals and indirect refusals with upgraders, but SEB with short residencies had poorer comprehension than the NES on indirect refusals with downgraders and implicatures. Politeness systems affected comprehension of indirect refusals with downgraders and implicatures. NES were faster than both SEB groups across all refusal types, and direct refusals were comprehended faster than indirect refusals with downgraders, which in turn were comprehended faster than implicatures; indirect refusals with upgraders were also comprehended faster than implicatures. Production showed all groups mostly produced direct refusals. In addition, the SEB used indirect refusals with downgraders more frequently than the NES. In terms of cognition, NES were faster in lexical access and had better working memory than both SEB groups. For SEB with shorter residency, the faster their lexical access speed, the better their comprehension of indirect refusals with upgraders and implicatures and the higher their working memory, the better their comprehension of indirect refusals with upgraders. Thus, L2 learners are eventually able to master the pragmatics of refusals, but initially struggle with the more difficult types

Co-development as a long-term strategy to reduce pressure for emigration: a comparative study of migration policies in NAFTA and the EU towards sending countries

The topic for this thesis is the package of policies referred to as “Co-development”. Co-development or Cooperation for Development comprises the actions of formal institutions at the national and regional levels as well as those of non-governmental organisations which are designed to stem immigration by fostering development in the source-country. The thesis examines co-development by comparing the migratory regimes in the European-Mediterranean Partnership and the North American Free Trade Agreement areas, focusing on Spain and the United States as host countries, Mexico, and Morocco as primarily sending - but increasingly transit and host - countries. The starting point for the thesis are the two trade oriented development programmes under way in each region - the MEDA Programme in Morocco and the Plan Puebla Panamá in Mexico-Central America. The thesis critically examines the “development-migration” nexus, particularly conventional ways of analysing the relationship between migration and development, and the way in which these models inform official policies for trade and development. The comparison draws upon a Multi-level Governance analytical framework which examines the interaction of state and non-state actors at the three main levels (Macro, Meso, and Micro) where Co-development takes places. The analysis of the multi-level interaction allows understanding the vertical or horisontal interrelation among actors in the process of co-development. Moreover, it allows a fuller understanding of the contribution of “bottom up” as much as “top down” co-development. Within this framework, the migrant emerges as a central actor - a transnational agent who is able to foster co-development by comparison with many national and international programmes

Design, construction and implementation of spherical tissue equivalent proportional counter

Tissue equivalent proportional counters (TEPC) are used for medical and space activities whenever a combination of high and low LET (lineal energy transfer) radiations are present. With the frequency and duration of space activities increasing, exposure to fast heavy ions from galactic cosmic radiation and solar events is a major concern. The optimum detector geometry is spherical; to obtain an isotropic response, but simple spherical detectors have the disadvantage of a non-uniform electric field. In order to achieve a uniform electric field along the detector axis, spherical tissue equivalent proportional counters have been designed with different structures to modify the electric field. Some detectors use a cylindrical coil that is coaxial with the anode, but they are not reliable because of their sensitivity to microphonic noise and insufficient mechanical strength. In this work a new spherical TEPC was developed. The approach used was to divide the cathode in several rings with different thicknesses, and adjust the potential difference between each ring and the anode to produce an electric field that is nearly constant along the length of the anode. A-150 tissue equivalent plastic is used for the detector walls, the insulator material between the cathode rings is low density polyethylene, and the gas inside the detector is propane. The detector, along with the charge sensitive preamplifier, is encased in a stainless steel vacuum chamber. The gas gain was found to be 497.5 at 782 volts and the response to neutrons as a function of angle was constant ±7%. This spherical tissue equivalent proportional counter detector system will improve the accuracy of dosimetry in space, and as a result improve radiation safety for astronauts

Cambios y continuidades en la manufactura de materiales cerámicos del sitio Moreta (Puna de Jujuy, Argentina), s. VIII a XV AD

Se presentan los resultados del estudio de materiales cerámicos del sitio Moreta, incluyendo fragmentos procedentes de dos contextos excavados con diferentes cronologías y recipientes de la colección Márquez Miranda. El objetivo del mismo es el de aproximarnos a las tradiciones tecnológicas empleadas para manufacturar estos materiales y entender sus cambios en el tiempo. Para ello se estudian atributos relacionados con las secuencias de procedimientos de la cadena operativa, incluyendo las materias primas mediante análisis de pastas, en lupa y microscopio petrográfico, el modelado a través de huellas y marcas, y las morfologías, acabados de superficies y decoración. Con base en estos estudios y a estudios previos, podemos identificar un primer momento en el que los materiales cerámicos tienen relación con aquellos de la cuenca sur de Pozuelos, el área de la cuenca Miraflores-Guayatayoc y la Quebrada de Humahuaca. Posteriormente, se observa un cambio hacia tradiciones tecnológicas Yavi-chicha, más vinculadas con la Puna Norte y el sur de Bolivia, sobre las cuales luego tendrá influencia la presencia Inka, a través de la incorporación de morfologías y atributos decorativos.Fil: Perez Pieroni, María Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentin

Structure and reactivity of titania-supported oxides. Part 1: vanadium oxide on titania in the sub- and super-monolayer regions

Vanadium oxide has been deposited on TiO2 (washed anatase, 10 m2g−1; Degussa P-25, 55 ±3 m2g−1; Eurotitania, 46 m2g−1) by aqueous impregnation of (NH4)2[VO(C2O4)2] and by reaction with VOCl3, VO(OR)3 (R=iBu) and VO(acac)2 in organic solvents. Single applications of the last tree reagents form not more than a monolayer of vanadium oxide VOx, a monolayer being defined as 0.10 wt.% V2O5 per m2 of surface. When less than about four monolayers of VOx are present, there is in most cases only a single TPR peak: Tmax values, which increase with V2O5 content, are almost independent of the method used but vary slightly with the support (P-25 < Eurotitania < washed anatase). The 995 cm−1 band, characteristic of V&z.dbnd;O in V2O5, only appears when more than a monolayer of VOx is present.\ud \ud In the sub-monolayer region, VOx is best formulated as an oxohydroxy species bonded to two surface oxygens. As the V2O5 content is increased, layers of disordered V2O5 are formed on limited areas of the surface, but crystalline V2O5 only occurs, probably on top of the disordered V2O5, when the V2O5 content exceeds about four monolayers, and takes the form of acicular crystals exposing only planes perpendicular to the a and b axes

Moreta, "pueblo de yndios chichas y tambo del ynga" (puna of Jujuy, Argentina)

Se presentan los primeros resultados de nuestras investigaciones en el asentamiento de Moreta (Puna de Jujuy, Argentina). Este sitio es mencionado como pueblo de indios chicha y tambo del inka por el Oidor Matienzo en su carta al rey de 1566. En este trabajo, sintetizamos las investigaciones documentales y de campo realizadas hasta el momento sobre el sitio, y el análisis de parte de la colección recuperada por Márquez Miranda en Moreta durante la década de 1940. De este modo incorporamos un asentamiento de relevancia a la discusión regional, para comprender los procesos sociales ocurridos en el sector norte de la puna jujeña durante los Períodos de Desarrollos Regionales, Inka e Hispano-indígena.The first results of the research conducted in the Moreta settlement, Jujuy province,Argentina, are reported here. This archaeological site is listed in the letter written by Oidor Matienzo as a chicha Indians's settlement and as an inka tambo. In this paper, we summarize the documentary research,field surveys and analysis conducted over part of the collection recovered by Márquez Miranda in the site during the decade of 1940. In this way, we incorporate a settlement of importance to the regional discussion, to understand the social processes occurred in the northern portion of the Jujuy Puna during Regional Development, Inka an Hispanic-indigenous periods.Fil: Angiorama, Carlos Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Arqueología y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Perez Pieroni, María Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Arqueología y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Becerra, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Arqueología; Argentin

La manufactura cerámica en la Puna de Jujuy en el tiempo: desde las alfareras y alfareros prehispánicos a las/los de Casira

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el de sintetizar los avances hechos hasta la fecha en el estudio de los cambios y continuidades que a lo largo de una amplia historia ha tenido la manufactura cerámica en la Puna de Jujuy. Resumimos, a partir de nuestros estudios previos, las cadenas operativas de producción cerámica y las evidencias que las elecciones que tomaron los alfareros y alfareras dejaron sobre los materiales cerámicos de diferentes sitios arqueológicos prehispánicos tardíos y coloniales de esta área. Las comparamos con las cadenas operativas que se han documentado en la localidad de Casira, centro productor de cerámica de gran importancia en la Puna de Jujuy, tanto por nosotros como por otros autores. Concluimos destacando cuáles son las prácticas dentro de la manufactura cerámica que han continuado a lo largo del rango temporal estudiado, y cuáles han sufrido cambios.Fil: Perez Pieroni, María Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentin

Louças do século xix em vilas mineiras da Puna: análise de fragmentos de Antiguyoc e de Ajedrez (Jujuy, Argentina)

Se presentan los resultados del análisis de materiales fragmentarios correspondientes a lozas, procedentes de recolecciones superficiales sistemáticas de dos sitios vinculados a la minería del oro colonial y republicana, Antiguyoc y Ajedrez, con el fin de identificar su variabilidad, sus posibles usos y distribución. La metodología empleada involucró atributos macroscópicos morfológicos y decorativos, junto con el cálculo del número mínimo de recipientes. Estos atributos fueron comparados con bibliografía específica para este tipo de materiales cerámicos. Los resultados alcanzados permitieron identificar morfologías abiertas variadas, correspondientes a tipos decorativos manufacturados en distintas fechas del siglo XIX. La escasa cantidad de fragmentos de loza en el total de la muestra, correspondientes a recipientes de formas no restringidas de tipos diferenciados, permiten plantear su uso para el servicio de alimentos y bebidas, su alta conservación y valoración y/o la posibilidad de una ocupación menos intensa durante momentos republicanos que en tiempos coloniales, así como apoyar la hipótesis de la continuidad en el uso de recipientes cerámicos tradicionales en otras esferas domésticas.The results of the analysis of refined earthenware fragments, obtained through systematic superficial gatherings in two sites related to gold mining in colonial and republican times, Antiguyoc and Ajedrez, are presented here, with the aim to identify their variability, their possible uses and distribution networks. The methodology employed involved morphological and decorative macroscopic attributes, together with the calculation of the minimal number of recipients. These attributes were compared to specific references for this type of ceramic materials. The results obtained allowed us to identify diverse open morphologies, corresponding to decorative types manufactured in different dates of the XIXth century. These results, added to the small amount of refined earthenware fragments in the ceramic sample, allow us to postulate their use for the service of foods and drinks, their high conservation and value, and/or the possibility of a less intense occupation during the Republic with respect to the Colony, as well as to support the hypothesis of a continuity in the use of traditional ceramic vessels for other spheres of domestic activity.São apresentados os resultados da análise de materiais fragmentários correspondentes à louças, provenientes de coletas sistemáticas de superfície de dois sítios ligados à mineração de ouro colonial e republicana, Antiguyoc e Ajedrez, a fim de identificar sua variabilidade, seus possíveis usos e redes de distribuição. A metodologia utilizada envolveu atributos macroscópicos morfológicos e decorativos, juntamente com o cálculo do número mínimo de recipientes. Estes atributos foram comparados com bibliografia específica para este tipo de materiais cerâmicos. Os resultados alcançados permitiram identificar variadas morfologias abertas, correspondentes a tipos decorativos fabricados em diferentes datas do século XIX. Esses resultados, somados ao baixo número de fragmentos de louças na amostra total de materiais cerâmicos, permite-nos considerar a sua utilização para serviço de alimentos e bebidas, a sua elevada conservação e valor e/ou a possibilidade de uma ocupação menos intensa durante a República do que a Colônia, além de sustentar a hipótese da continuidade do uso de recipientes cerâmicos tradicionais em outras esferas domésticas.Fil: Perez Pieroni, María Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Arqueología y Museo; Argentin

Alternative end-joining originates stable chromosome aberrations induced by etoposide during targeted inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-deficient tumor cells

ATM and DNA-PKcs coordinate the DNA damage response at multiple levels following the exposure to chemotherapy. The Topoisomerase II poison etoposide (ETO) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), but it is responsible from the chromosomal rearrangements frequently found in therapy-related secondary tumors. Targeted inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-defective tumors combined with radio- or chemotherapy has been proposed as relevant therapies. Here, we explored the DNA repair mechanisms and the genetic consequences of targeting the non-oncogenic addiction to DNA-PKcs of ATM-defective tumor cells after exposure to ETO. We demonstrated that chemical inhibition of DNA-PKcs followed by treatment with ETO resulted in the accumulation of chromatid breaks and decreased mitotic index in both A-T cells and ATM-knocked-down (ATMkd) tumor cells. The HR repair process in DNA-PKcs-inhibited ATMkd cells amplified the RAD51 foci number, with no correlated increase in sister chromatid exchanges. The analysis of post-mitotic DNA lesions presented an augmented number of persistent unresolved DSB, without alterations in the cell cycle progression. Long-term examination of chromosome aberrations revealed a strikingly high number of chromatid and chromosome exchanges. By using genetic and pharmacological abrogation of PARP-1, we demonstrated that alternative end-joining (alt-EJ) repair pathway is responsible for those chromosome abnormalities generated by limiting c-NHEJ activities during directed inhibition of DNA-PKcs in ATM-deficient cells. Targeting the non-oncogenic addiction to DNA-PKcs of ATM-defective tumors stimulates the DSB repair by alt-EJ, which is liable for the origin of cells carrying stable chromosome aberrations that may eventually restrict the therapeutic strategy.Fil: de Campos Nebel, Ildefonso Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Palmitelli, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Perez Maturo, Josefina. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Cid, Marcela Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; Argentin