Pressões De Contato E O Impacto De Conjuntos Motomecanizados Em Latossolo Com Presença E Ausência De Palhada De Cana-de-açúcar

High contact pressures applied to soil result in a greater degree of compaction, in addition to promoting other negative effects. The objective of this study was to quantify contact areas by using different methodologies, and pressures of farm equipment employed in production activity and evaluate structural changes caused in a Red Latosol with the presence and absence of straw cover. The design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme of type 4 (tire on front axle, tire on rear axle, tire on a sugarcane wagon and metallic track of sugar cane Harvester) x 2 (presence and absence of straw). The contact area (CA) of the run was obtained by three procedures: analytical measure of the area of an ellipse (CA1); digital measurement of area of an ellipse (CA2); and measurement of real contact area (RCA), with digital resources. The contact pressure was calculated from the ratio of mass of each machine’s axle and the contact area of the run. The contact area obtained according to the procedure of the ellipse (CA1 and CA2) is overrated when compared to actual area obtained digitally (RCA). The straw reduces the contact pressure in the soil, due to the deep tire treads and consequently, increased contact area. Areas where the traffic of the machines occurred with soil covered with the presence of straw showed reduced soil resistance to penetration, cone index and pre-consolidation pressure, confirming that the increased contact area produced by straw reduced the pressure applied and the compression power dissipated in the soil. © 2016, Federal University of Lavras. All rights reserved.40326527

Futebol e ferrovia: a história de um trem da industrialização que parte para o noroeste paulista

O artigo busca desenvolver a relação entre a expansão da rede ferroviária no interior paulista e a evolução das práticas esportivas, mais especificamente o futebol. A ideia central é que o movimento ocorre do meio urbano para o interior, percebido agora não mais como um espaço tradicionalmente rural, mas no bojo do surgimento e expansão de vilas e cidades. Procura apontar as principais características da realidade política, econômica e social do Brasil na primeira metade do século XX e contribuir para a discussão sobre o desenvolvimento das práticas esportivas no períodoThe article seeks to develop the relationship between the expansion of railway network in São Paulo and the evolution of sports, especially the soccer. The central idea is that movement occurs in urban areas to the interior, not as a traditionally rural area, but in the midst of the emergence and expansion of towns and cities. It identifies the main features of political scenario, economic and social in Brazil in the first half of the twentieth century and contribute to the discussion on the development of sports in the perio

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

The double cantilever beam test applied to mode I fracture characterization of cortical bone tissue

the primary objective of this work was to analyse the adequacy of the Double Cantilever Beam(DCB) test in determining fracture toughness under pure mode I loading of cortical bone tissue.A new data reduction scheme based on specimen compliance and the crack equivalent concept was used to overcome the difficulties inherent in crack monitoring during its growth. It provides a complete resistance curve, wich is fundamental in estimating the fracture energy. A cohesive zone model was used to simulate damage initiation and prpagation, thus assessing the efficacy of the proposed testing method and data reduction scheme. Subsequently, the DCB test was applied to evaluate the mode I fracture energy of hidrated and termally dehydrated cortical bone tissue from young bovine femur , in the tangential-longitudinal prpagation system. The results obtained demonstrate the efficaacy of the DCB test and the proposed data reduction scheme on the bone fracture characterization onder mode I loading

Dissolution of Ag nanoparticles in agricultural soils and effects on soil exoenzyme activities

EnvironmentsTo assess environmental risks related to the mobility and toxicity of AgNPs, the chemical availability of AgNPs and polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) in three agricultural soils was quantified in a pot experiment. Porewater collection and soil extractions with 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.4 M Glycine (pH 1.5) and 0.05 M NH4-EDTA were performed. The effect on soil exoenzyme activities was also assessed. Porewater concentration was low (<0.4% and <0.04% of dosed Ag, for AgNPs and PVP-AgNPs, respectively) and only detected in acidic soils (pH 4.4 and 4.9). The PVPcoating reduced the downward mobility of AgNPs in soil and possibly also their dissolution rate (and subsequent release of dissolved Ag+ ions into porewater). The effect of variation in organic matter on soil enzymatic activity was larger than that of AgNPs, as no significant additional inhibitory effect from Ag could be observed. Only at low pH and in the presence of complexing ligands that form very stable Ag complexes (0.4 M Glycine extraction at pH 1.5) up to 58% of the Ag added to soil was released (independently of PVP coating). An extraction with glycine is proposed as a useful indicator of potentially available Ag in soilsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dissolution of ag nanoparticles in agricultural soils and effects on soil exoenzyme activities

To assess environmental risks related to the mobility and toxicity of AgNPs, the chemical availability of AgNPs and polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) in three agricultural soils was quantified in a pot experiment. Porewater collection and soil extractions with 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.4 M Glycine (pH 1.5) and 0.05 M NH4-EDTA were performed. The effect on soil exoenzyme activities was also assessed. Porewater concentration was low (+ ions into porewater). The effect of variation in organic matter on soil enzymatic activity was larger than that of AgNPs, as no significant additional inhibitory effect from Ag could be observed. Only at low pH and in the presence of complexing ligands that form very stable Ag complexes (0.4 M Glycine extraction at pH 1.5) up to 58% of the Ag added to soil was released (independently of PVP coating). An extraction with glycine is proposed as a useful indicator of potentially available Ag in soils.</p

Structure-drift Time Relationships In Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separates ions while they travel through a buffer gas under the influence of an electrical field. The separation is affected by mass and charge but most particularly by shape (collision cross section). When coupled to MS, IMS-MS offers therefore a powerful tool for structural elucidation and isomer separation. Systematic studies aimed to compare and quantitate the effects of structural changes on drift time such as length and ramification of carbon chain, unsaturation, geometrical isomerism (cis/trans isomers for instance), cyclization and ring size are, however, scarce. Herein we used traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS) to systematically evaluate the relationship between structure and drift time. For that, a series of deprotonated carboxylic acids were used as model ions with a carboxylate "charge tag" for gas phase MS manipulation. Carboxylic acids showed a near linear correlation between the increase of carbon number and the increase of collision cross section (CCS). The number of double bonds changes slightly the CCS of unsaturated acids. No differences in drift time and no significant differences in CCS of cis- and trans-double bond of oleic and elaidic acids were observed. Cyclization considerably reduces the CCS. In cyclic carboxylic acids, the increase of double bonds and aromatization significantly reduces the CCS and the drift times. The use of a more polarizable drift gas, CO2, improved in some cases the separation, as for biomarker isomers of steranoic acids. The β-isomer (cis-decaline) has smaller CCS and therefore displayed lower drift time compared to the α-isomer (trans-decaline). Structural changes revealed by calculations were correlated with trends in drift times. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.162117132Cohan, M.J., Karasek, F.J., (1970) J Chromatogr Sci, 8, pp. 330-337Stach, J., Baumbach, J.I., (2002) Int J Ion Mobility Spectrom, 5, pp. 1-21Kanu, A.B., Dwivedi, P., Tam, M., Matz, L., Hill, H.H., (2008) J Mass Spectrom, 43, pp. 1-22Clemmer, D.E., Jarrold, M.F., (1997) J Mass Spectrom, 32, pp. 577-592Hoaglund-Hyzer, C.S., Counterman, A.E., Clemmer, D.E., (1999) Chem Rev, 99, pp. 3037-3080von Helden, G., Wyttenbach, T., Bowers, M.T., (1995) Science, 267, pp. 1483-1485Jarrold, M.F., (2000) Annu Rev Phys Chem, 51, pp. 179-207Hoaglund-Hyzer, C.S., Lee, Y.J., Counterman, A.E., Clemmer, D.E., (2002) Anal Chem, 74, pp. 992-1006Valentine, S.J., Counterman, A.E., Hoaglund, C.S., Reilly, J.P., Clemmer, D.E., (1998) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 9, pp. 1213-1216Benassi, M., Corilo, Y.E., Uria, D., Augusti, R., Eberlin, M.N., (2009) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 20, pp. 269-277Lalli, P.M., Iglesias, B.A., Deda, D.K., Toma, H.E., de Sa, G.F., Daroda, R.J., Arali, K., Eberlin, M.N., (2012) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 26, pp. 263-268Santos, J.J., Toma, S.H., Lalli, P.M., Riccio, M.F., Eberlin, M.N., Toma, H.E., Araki, K., (2012) Analyst, 137, pp. 4045-4051Lalli, P.M., Iglesias, B.A., Toma, H.E., de Sa, G.F., Daroda, R.J., Silva Filho, J.C., Szulejko, J.E., Eberlin, M.N., (2012) J Mass Spectrom, 47, pp. 712-719Fasciotti, M., Gomes, A.F., Gozzo, F.C., Iglesias, B.A., de Sa, G.F., Daroda, R.J., Toganoh, M., Eberlin, M.N., (2012) Org Biomol Chem, 10, pp. 8396-8402Clemmer, D.E., Hudgins, R.R., Jarrold, M.F., (1995) J Am Chem Soc, 117, pp. 10141-10142Ruotolo, B.T., Tate, C.C., Russell, D.H., (2004) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 15, pp. 870-878Bohrer, B.C., Mererbloom, S.I., Koeniger, S.L., Hilderbrand, A.E., Clemmer, D.E., (2008) Annu Rev Anal Chem, 1, pp. 293-327Fernandez-Lima, F.A., Becker, C., McKenna, A.M., Rodgers, R.P., Marshall, A.G., Russell, D.H., (2009) Anal Chem, 81, pp. 9941-9947Ahmed, A., Cho, Y.J., No, M., Koh, J., Tomczyk, N., Giles, K., Yoo, J.S., Kim, S., (2011) Anal Chem, 83, pp. 77-83Trimpin, S., Tan, B., Bohrer, B.C., O'Dell, D.K., Merenbloom, S.I., Pazos, M.X., Clemmer, D.E., Walker, J.M., (2009) Int J Mass Spectrom, 287, pp. 58-69Castro-Perez, J., Roddy, T.P., Nibbering, N.M.M., Shah, V., McLaren, D.G., Previs, S., Attygalle, A.B., Hankemeier, T., (2011) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom, 22, pp. 1552-1567Marshall, A.G., Rodgers, R.P., (2004) Acc Chem Res, 37, pp. 53-59Rodgers, R.P., Schaub, T.M., Marshall, A.G., (2005) Anal Chem, 77, pp. 20A-27AHughey, C.A., Rodgers, R.P., Marshall, A.G., Qian, K., Robbins, W.K., (2002) Org Geochem, 33, pp. 743-759Hughey, C.A., Rodgers, R.P., Marshall, A.G., Walters, C.C., Qian, K., Mankiewicz, P., (2004) Org Geochem, 35, pp. 863-880Klein, G.C., Rodgers, R.P., Marshall, A.G., (2006) Fuel, 85, pp. 2071-2080Mapolelo, M.M., Stanford, L.A., Rodgers, R.P., Yen, A.T., Debord, J.D., Asomaning, S., Marshall, A.G., (2009) Energy Fuel, 23, pp. 349-355Mapolelo, M.M., Rodgers, R.P., Blakney, G.T., Yen, A.T., Asomaning, S.A., Marshall, A.G., (2011) Int J Mass Spectrom, 300, pp. 149-157Schaub, T.M., Hendrickson, C.L., Horning, S., Quinn, J.P., Senko, M.W., Marshall, A.G., (2008) Anal Chem, 80, pp. 3985-3990Marshall, A.G., Rodgers, R.P., (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, pp. 18090-18095Giles, K., Pringle, S.D., Worthington, K.R., Little, D., Wildgoose, J.L., Bateman, R.H., (2004) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 18, pp. 2401-2414Pringle, S.D., Giles, K., Wildgoose, J.L., Williams, J.P., Slade, S.E., Thalassinos, K., Bateman, R.H., Scrivens, J.H., (2007) Int J Mass Spectrom, 261, pp. 1-12Karpas, Z., Berant, Z., (1989) J Phys Chem, 93, pp. 3021-3025Beegle, L.W., Kanik, I., Matz, L., Hill, H.H., (2002) Int J Mass Spectrom, 216, pp. 257-268Petta, T., (2012), PhD Thesis FFCLRP-USPLopes, J.A.D., Santos-Neto, E.V., Mello, M.R., Reis, F.A.M., (1997) Org Geochem, 26, pp. 787-790Shvartsburg, A.A., Smith, R.D., (2008) Anal Chem, 80, pp. 9689-9699http://www.gaussian.com/Mesleh, M.F., Hunter, J.M., Shvartsburg, A.A., Schatz, G.C., Jarrold, M.F., (1996) J Phys Chem A, 100, pp. 16082-16086. , Erratum (1997) J Phys Chem A 101: 968Shvartsburg, A.A., Jarrold, M.F., (1996) J Chem Phys Lett, 261, pp. 86-91Bush, M.F., Hall, Z., Giles, K., Hoyes, J., Robinson, C.V., Ruotolo, B.T., (2010) Anal Chem, 82, pp. 9557-9565Lopes, J.A.D., Santos-Neto, E.V., Mello, M.R., Koike, L., Marsaioli, A.J., Reis, F.A.M., (1999) Chem Geology, 158, pp. 1-20Rodrigues, D.C., Koike, L., Reis, F.A.M., Alves, H.P., Chang, H.K., Trindade, L.A., Marsaioli, A.J., (2000) Org Geochem, 31, pp. 1209-1222De Lima, S.G., Steffen, R.A., Reis, F.A.M., Koike, L., Santos-Neto, E.V., Cerqueira, J.R., Lopes, J.A.D., (2010) Org Geochem, 41, pp. 325-339Kim, H.I., Johnson, P.V., Beegle, L.W., Beauchamp, J.L., Kanik, I., (2005) J Phys Chem A, 109, pp. 7888-789