Delegation Success and Policy Failure: Collective Delegation and the Search for Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction

Tierney argues that international delegation can have important consequences, even for powerful states. In particular, he contends that the US delegation of inspection authority to United Nations weapons inspectors and to the International Atomic Energy Association after the Gulf War of 1990-91 entailed significant sovereignty costs by affecting the timing and costliness of the subsequent 2003 US invasion of Iraq. Among other things, he notes that the inspectors\u27 independent behavior made it much more difficult for the US to assemble the type of multilateral coalition that would share the costs as it had in the earlier Gulf War. Tierney also notes that this example shows how different states can pay different costs as the result of the same episode of international delegation

Sustainable waterplanning : a study of Kristianstad municipality

Idag ställs det allt större krav för utformandet av våra städer för att anpassa oss för framtiden. Ett stort mål för utvecklingen av våra städer är att gå i riktning mot ett mer hållbart samhälle. Något som har hanterats ganska lite i stadsplaneringen är vattenfrågorna i städerna. Vattnet har behandlats som en självklarhet i Sverige och när man har velat göra sig av med det så har man behandlat det som en obegränsad resurs. Med EU:s nya ramdirektiv riktas blickar mot vattenfrågorna i vilka man ska arbeta för en långsiktig hållbar hantering. Intentionen med detta examensarbete har varit att skapa en övergripande förståelse inom ämnet hållbarvattenplanering. Litteraturstudien inom ämnet vattenplanering har ämnats ligga till grund för fördjupningsdel där det har utförts en gestaltning av en dagvattendamm/översvämningsyta i Kristianstad kommun. Förstudien har gjorts i litteratur om vattenplanering och hållbarhet, vidare har en litteraturstudie gjorts av dagvattensystem. Som steg tre i fördjupningen har en studie gjorts av Kristianstads uppkomst och utveckling samt en övergripande studie av vattenhistoriska händelser i stadens vattensystem. Gestaltningen har utförts utifrån förutsättningar på platsen vilken ligger i utkanten av stadskärnan i området Österäng/ Björket. Analyser har gjorts för att skapa en förståelse av platsen för att skapa en fungerande design till planeringsförslaget. Analysmetoder som har använts har varit Lynchs läsbarhetsanalys, SWOT-analys och en vattengenomsläpplighets analys av området. Arbetet har haft till avsikt att diskutera ett aktuellt ämne och tillämpa några tankar på ett konkret förslag.The claims in the design of our cities are growing today, as an adaption for the future. A big goal for the development of our cities is the development towards a more sustainable society. Something that has been handled quite little in the past in the townplanning is water issues in the cities. The water has been managed as something that is taken for granted in Sweden. When it needed to be removed was it handled as an endless resource. With the new framework for water by EU, was the glance pointed on water issues, about working for a long-term sustainable management of water. The intentions for this thesis have been to get a broad understanding in the field of sustainable waterplanning. The literature study in the subject waterplanning was supposed to be a broad study for the in-deep part, where a design of a daywater pond/flooding area in Kristianstad municipality has been designed. As pilot study have a literature study about planning and sustainability been used, after have a literature study been made about daywatersystems. As third step has a study been made about the origin and development of the city and also a broad study about water historical circumstances of the water systems in the city. The design has been developed from circumstances on the site. The project site is placed in the border of the central city, in the Österäng/Björket area. Analysis has been made to get an understanding about the place and as a result of create an operational design for the planning suggestion. Analysis methods that have been used are Kevin Lynch´s legibility analysis, SWOT – analysis and a waterpermeability analysis of the area. The work has had a goal to discuss an actual topic and practice some thoughts on a concrete suggestion

Ståndortsanpassad växtanvändning på bjälklag

The purpose for this essay is to investigate claims trees and shrubs have to survive and grow on concrete roof foundation and create good design from those conditions. At first is described what requirements there are on the planting areas to make it comfortable for the plants. After that is a planting list with chosen plants that is supposed to survive on the concrete roof presented. Then is the site and its presumptions presented. Finally my design is presented and is continued with a discussion and reflection about the essay and the knowledge gained from it. The difficulty as I can see with the essay has been for example to know exactly what plant's that grows and survive on the site that I have chose for my design. It's not really until you have tried the plant's on the site as you can say for real if they are going to like the spot or not. It is such narrow margins for the plants to survive on, as places on roofs can be such extreme situations. The extreme situation makes it also very interesting for the design.Syftet med detta kandidatarbete är att undersöka vilka förutsättningar som krävs för att träd och buskar ska överleva och trivas på ett betongbjälklag och därefter göra en gestaltning utifrån dessa förutsättningar. Först presenteras vilka förutsättningar växterna måste ha för att trivas och hur man byg ger upp planteringsytorna. Efter det presenteras en växtlista med utvalda växter som ska klara av de förutsättningar som krävs på ett takbjälklag. Därefter presenteras platsens förutsättningar. Slutligen presenteras gestaltningsförslaget för att avslutas med en diskussion och en reflektion kring uppsatsen som helhet och lärdomar som har kommit utifrån arbetet. Svårigheten som jag kan se med erfarenheter utifrån detta arbete är exempelvis att det är mycket svårt att veta exakt vilka växter som i praktiken skulle klara sig på den plats som jag har använt för min gestaltning. Det är egentligen inte förrän man har prövat växterna på platsen som man kan säga om det fungerar eller inte. Att platser på tak ger extrema förhållanden gör att växter har små marginaler att spela med för att överleva, men det är också det som kan skapa intressanta kompositioner

Humans as Reservoir for Enterotoxin Gene–carrying Clostridium perfringens Type A

Humans may play a role in the transmission of gastrointestinal diseases caused by C. perfringens

Partial intersubjectivity and sufficient understandings for current practical purposes : On a specialized practice in Swedish conversation

This paper explores issues of intersubjectivity and shared understanding as they arise in dyadic spoken interaction. Using data from Swedish conversations, we approach the topic by focusing on the functions of a reactive construction that occurs in situations when a linguistic expression (x) has been used in a prior utterance, and this expression is found to be only partially acceptable in the situation at hand. It is therefore reacted to by one of the interlocutors, and negotiated in a new turn initiated by x-°a-x, i.e. a unit in which two identical copies of x are conjoined by °a ‘and’, and then expanded by a supporting argument. The pragmatic functions of the construction include that of suggesting a sufficient clarification of what should be a reasonable situated meaning and an intersubjective basis for ensuing talk.Peer reviewe

Cause-specific mortality in women with breast cancer in situ

The long-term mortality remains unknown in women diagnosed with breast cancer in situ (BCIS). Here, we assessed the cause-specific mortality in BCIS patients. This population-based cohort study included 12,243 women diagnosed with BCIS in Sweden between 1980 and 2011. Patients were followed until death, emigration, or 31 December 2013, whichever came first. The 30-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer-specific mortality was 6.3%, which is considerably lower than 49.7% observed for other-cause mortality. Women diagnosed with BCIS were more likely to die from breast cancer (standardized mortality ratio [SMR], 3.85; 95% CI, 3.47-4.27) but less likely to die from cardiovascular disease (SMR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82-0.95) than women in the general population. Specifically, the SMRs for breast cancer-specific mortality decreased over time from 5.19 (95% CI, 3.95-6.81) among BCIS diagnosed during 1980-1989 to 3.03 (95% CI, 2.35-3.91) among those diagnosed during 2000-2011. Furthermore, higher risk of death from other causes was seen among those with older age at BCIS diagnosis, lower levels of education, nulliparity, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, and being hospitalized before BCIS diagnosis; whereas, lower risk of death from breast cancer was seen among BCIS diagnosed in the later time period and those with younger age at first birth. We conclude that most women diagnosed with BCIS die from causes other than breast cancer, which highlights the need for actions not only to reduce nonbreast cancer mortality but also to identify patient where extensive curative BCIS treatment is not adding to survival.NoneAccepte

Breast cancer genetic risk profile is differentially associated with interval and screen-detected breast cancers

Background: Polygenic risk profiles computed from multiple common susceptibility alleles for breast cancer have been shown to identify women at different levels of breast cancer risk. We evaluated whether this genetic risk stratification can also be applied to discriminate between screen-detected and interval cancers, which are usually associated with clinicopathological and survival differences. Patients and methods: A 77-SNP polygenic risk score (PRS) was constructed for breast cancer overall and by estrogen-receptor (ER) status. PRS was inspected as a continuous (per standard deviation increment) variable in a case-only design. Modification of the PRS by mammographic density was evaluated by fitting an additional interaction term. Results: PRS weighted by breast cancer overall estimates was found to be differentially associated with 1,865 screen-detected and 782 interval cancers in the LIBRO-1 study (age-adjusted ORperSD [95% confidence interval]=0.91 [0.83-0.99], p=0.023). The association was found to be more significant for PRS weighted by ER-positive breast cancer estimates (ORperSD=0.90 [0.82-0.98], p=0.011). This result was corroborated by two independent studies (combined ORperSD=0.87 [0.76-1.00], p=0.058) with no evidence of heterogeneity. When enriched for “true” interval cancers among nondense breasts, the difference in the association with PRS in screen-detected and interval cancers became more pronounced (ORperSD=0.74 [0.62-0.89], p=0.001), with a significant interaction effect between PRS and mammographic density (pinteraction=0.017). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report looking into the genetic differences between screendetected and interval cancers. It is an affirmation that the two types of breast cancer may have unique underlying biology.Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Cancer SocietyStockholm County CouncilBreast Cancer Theme Centre Consortium (BRECT)Accepte