200 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Violence, power and participation: Building citizenship in contexts of chronic violence.
YesThis paper is about civil society participation in two contexts of chronic violence:
Colombia and Guatemala. It explores the extent to which civil society organisations
can build citizenship in such contexts and simultaneously address violence. It argues
that civil society organisations can play a vital role in building citizenship and
confronting violent actors and acts of violence. However, in order to address
chronic, perpetuating violence and interrupt its transmission through time and
space, it is important to clarify the relationship between power and violence.
Conventional forms of dominating power correlate with violence. Loss of such
power or a bid to gain it can lead to violence, particularly where social constructions
of masculinity are affirmed by such behaviour. The paper asks whether the
promotion of non-dominating forms of power are needed if we are to tackle the
damaging effects on human relationships and progress of willingness to inflict
direct physical hurt on the Other. Non-dominating forms of power focus on
enhancing everyone¿s power potential and capacity for action and promoting
communication. If non-violence and non-dominating power gradually become the
social norm, this might enhance citizenship and participation in ways that tackle
other forms of violence, such as structural violence
Recommended from our members
'Background of distances': Participation and the community cohesion in the North: Making the connections.
yesThe conference Participation and Community Cohesion in the North: making the
connections was held two and a half years after the North of England experienced a
summer of major social unrest.1 One delegate described these disturbances as
`attempted suicide by a community ¿ a cry for help.¿ This is a controversial image of
powerlessness and disenfranchisement, but it raises a question that goes to the
heart of our reasons for holding this conference. Does the success of Community
Cohesion depend on the ability of communities to nonviolently express their views on
the issues that concern them? Does it depend on a belief in one¿s own power to
effect change without violence? In other words does it depend on the extent to which
people see a point in working together for goals they have set themselves
Recommended from our members
Listening Talk. An experience of academic-practitioner dialogue in Bradford district: Second systematisation of learning (2007-2012)
YesIn human societies there will always be differences of views and interests. But the reality today is that we are all interdependent and have to coexist on this small planet. Therefore, the only sensible and intelligent way of resolving differences and clashes of interests, whether between individuals or nations, is through dialogue. The promotion of a culture of dialogue and nonviolence for the future of mankind is thus an important task of the international community.
(His Holiness the Dalai Lama, in a speech to the “Forum 2000″ Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, September 4, 1997
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De una Policia Centrada en el estado a una centrada en la comunidad. Lecciones del Intercambio entre las Policías Comunitarias de Bradford en el Reino Unido y de Medellín en Colombia.
yesEste documento de investigación del ICPS es un reporte final de un proceso de cuatro años,
en el que se realizaron visitas de intercambio entre oficiales de policía de dos distintos pero
problemáticos contextos urbanos, así como una reflexión académica sobre lo que nos enseñó
acerca de la construcción de seguridad en tales contextos. Esperamos estimular una mayor
discusión en el campo académico y en el diseño de políticas para sobrepasar los obstáculos a
la construcción de seguridad en nuestras ciudades en formas que contribuyan al bienestar, la
paz y la justicia social. Nuestro trabajo en el Centro Internacional de Estudios en
Participación de la Universidad de Bradford se concentra especialmente en el estudio de
cómo mejores condiciones de seguridad pueden promover y permitirle a la comunidad tener
un rol completo en la vida pública. Creemos que la seguridad debe estar en el centro de los
estudios de paz con sólidas dimensiones teóricas y prácticas. Este no es un concepto que deba
ser dejado a los pensadores conservadores cuya principal preocupación son el orden y la
estabilidad. La seguridad crea ambientes que posibilitan cambios sociales positivos y
progreso humano
Offspring sex and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: a multinational pooled analysis of 12 case-control studies
While childbearing protects against risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), few studies have explored the impact on maternal EOC risk of sex of offspring, which may affect the maternal environment during pregnancy. We performed a pooled analysis among parous participants from 12 case–controls studies comprising 6872 EOC patients and 9101 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression for case–control associations and polytomous logistic regression for histotype-specific associations, all adjusted for potential confounders. In general, no associations were found between offspring sex and EOC risk. However, compared to bearing only female offspring, bearing one or more male offspring was associated with increased risk of mucinous EOC (OR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.01-2.07), which appeared to be limited to women reporting menarche before age 13 compared to later menarche (OR = 1.71 vs 0.99; P-interaction = 0.02). Bearing increasing numbers of male offspring was associated with greater risks of mucinous tumors (OR = 1.31, 1.84, 2.31, for 1, 2 and 3 or more male offspring, respectively; trend-p = 0.005). Stratifying by hormonally-associated conditions suggested that compared to bearing all female offspring, bearing a male offspring was associated with lower risk of endometrioid cancer among women with a history of adult acne, hirsutism, or polycystic ovary syndrome (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.28-0.83) but with higher risk among women without any of those conditions (OR = 1.64 95% CI = 1.14–2.34; P-interaction = 0.003). Offspring sex influences the childbearing-EOC risk relationship for specific histotypes and conditions. These findings support the differing etiologic origins of EOC histotypes and highlight the importance of EOC histotype-specific epidemiologic studies. These findings also suggest the need to better understand how pregnancy affects EOC ris
BRCA2 polymorphic stop codon K3326X and the risk of breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers
Background: The K3326X variant in BRCA2 (BRCA2*c.9976A>T; p.Lys3326*; rs11571833) has been found to be associated with small increased risks of breast cancer. However, it is not clear to what extent linkage disequilibrium with fully pathogenic mutations might account for this association. There is scant information about the effect of K3326X in other hormone-related cancers.
Methods: Using weighted logistic regression, we analyzed data from the large iCOGS study including 76 637 cancer case patients and 83 796 control patients to estimate odds ratios (ORw) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for K3326X variant carriers in relation to breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer risks, with weights defined as probability of not having a pathogenic BRCA2 variant. Using Cox proportional hazards modeling, we also examined the associations of K3326X with breast and ovarian cancer risks among 7183 BRCA1 variant carriers. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results: The K3326X variant was associated with breast (ORw = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.17 to 1.40, P = 5.9x10- 6) and invasive ovarian cancer (ORw = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.43, P = 3.8x10-3). These associations were stronger for serous ovarian cancer and for estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer (ORw = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.2 to 1.70, P = 3.4x10-5 and ORw = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.28 to 1.76, P = 4.1x10-5, respectively). For BRCA1 mutation carriers, there was a statistically significant inverse association of the K3326X variant with risk of ovarian cancer (HR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.84, P = .013) but no association with breast cancer. No association with prostate cancer was observed.
Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that the K3326X variant is associated with risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers independent of other pathogenic variants in BRCA2. Further studies are needed to determine the biological mechanism of action responsible for these associations
Impact of month of birth on the development of autoimmune thyroid disease in the United Kingdom and Europe
CONTEXT:
Viral/bacterial infection is proposed as a trigger for the autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD): Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Previous studies in European Caucasian AITD subjects found higher birth rates in the autumn/winter, suggesting those born in the autumn/winter experience increased viral/bacterial exposure after birth, impacting upon immune system development and predisposing to AITD later in life.
OBJECTIVE:
Month of birth effects were investigated in three independent European Caucasian AITD datasets.
DESIGN:
Variation in GD and HT onset was compared across months and seasons, with fluctuations across all 12 months analyzed using a Walter-Elwood test.
SETTING:
The study was conducted at a research laboratory.
PATIENTS:
National UK Caucasian AITD Case Control Collection (2746 GD and 502 HT compared with 1 423 716 UK births), National UK Caucasian GD Family Collection (239 GD and 227 unaffected siblings), and OXAGEN AITD Caucasian Family Collection (885 GD, 717 HT, and 794 unaffected siblings of European Caucasian decent).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Case-control and family-based association studies were measured.
RESULTS:
No consistent month of birth effects were detected in GD females or males across all three collections. In HT females from the OXAGEN AITD Caucasian Family Collection, slightly higher birth rates were detected in autumn (Walter's test statistic = 7.47, P = .024) however, this was not seen in the HT females from the case-control cohort.
CONCLUSION:
Our results suggest in UK/Northern European Caucasian GD subjects, month of birth does not impact on AITD development. Although some month of birth effects for HT females in one collection cannot be excluded, only further work in larger European Caucasian AITD collections can confirm these effects
Robust Tests for Additive Gene-Environment Interaction in Case-Control Studies Using Gene-Environment Independence
There have been recent proposals advocating the use of additive gene-environment interaction instead of the widely used multiplicative scale, as a more relevant public health measure. Using gene-environment independence enhances statistical power for testing multiplicative interaction in case-control studies. However, under departure from this assumption, substantial bias in the estimates and inflated type I error in the corresponding tests can occur. In this paper, we extend the empirical Bayes (EB) approach previously developed for multiplicative interaction, which trades off between bias and efficiency in a data-adaptive way, to the additive scale. An EB estimator of the relative excess risk due to interaction is derived, and the corresponding Wald test is proposed with a general regression setting under a retrospective likelihood framework. We study the impact of gene-environment association on the resultant test with case-control data. Our simulation studies suggest that the EB approach uses the gene-environment independence assumption in a data-adaptive way and provides a gain in power compared with the standard logistic regression analysis and better control of type I error when compared with the analysis assuming gene-environment independence. We illustrate the methods with data from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium.Multiple funders listed on paper
A comprehensive gene-environment interaction analysis in Ovarian Cancer using genome-wide significant common variants.
As a follow-up to genome-wide association analysis of common variants associated with ovarian carcinoma (cancer), our study considers seven well-known ovarian cancer risk factors and their interactions with 28 genome-wide significant common genetic variants. The interaction analyses were based on data from 9971 ovarian cancer cases and 15,566 controls from 17 case-control studies. Likelihood ratio and Wald tests for multiplicative interaction and for relative excess risk due to additive interaction were used. The top multiplicative interaction was noted between oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use (ever vs. never) and rs13255292 (p value = 3.48 × 10-4 ). Among women with the TT genotype for this variant, the odds ratio for OCP use was 0.53 (95% CI = 0.46-0.60) compared to 0.71 (95%CI = 0.66-0.77) for women with the CC genotype. When stratified by duration of OCP use, women with 1-5 years of OCP use exhibited differential protective benefit across genotypes. However, no interaction on either the multiplicative or additive scale was found to be statistically significant after multiple testing correction. The results suggest that OCP use may offer increased benefit for women who are carriers of the T allele in rs13255292. On the other hand, for women carrying the C allele in this variant, longer (5+ years) use of OCP may reduce the impact of carrying the risk allele of this SNP. Replication of this finding is needed. The study presents a comprehensive analytic framework for conducting gene-environment analysis in ovarian cancer
Cigarette smoking is associated with adverse survival among women with ovarian cancer: Results from a pooled analysis of 19 studies
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136359/1/ijc30600_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136359/2/ijc30600.pd
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