3,166 research outputs found
Dilepton Production in and Colliders
In an collider, a striking signature for a dilepton gauge boson is
\ep \ ; this cross-section is calculated by using the helicity amplitude
technique. At HERA, with center-of-mass energy , a dilepton
mass above is inaccessible but at LEPII-LHC, with a center-of-mass
energy , masses up to 650 GeV can be discovered. In an
collider, the signature is \ee \ . The cross-sections of this process
are also calculated for the center-of-mass energies and
.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures (not included), IFP-428-UN
Variance of Relative Surprisal as Single-Shot Quantifier
The variance of (relative) surprisal, also known as varentropy, so far mostly plays a role in information theory as quantifying the leading-order corrections to asymptotic independent and identically distributed (IID) limits. Here, we comprehensively study the use of it to derive single-shot results in (quantum) information theory. We show that it gives genuine sufficient and necessary conditions for approximate state transitions between pairs of quantum states in the single-shot setting, without the need for further optimization. We also clarify its relation to smoothed min and max entropies, and construct a monotone for resource theories using only the standard (relative) entropy and variance of (relative) surprisal. This immediately gives rise to enhanced lower bounds for entropy production in random processes. We establish certain properties of the variance of relative surprisal, which will be useful for further investigations, such as uniform continuity and upper bounds on the violation of subadditivity. Motivated by our results, we further derive a simple and physically appealing axiomatic single-shot characterization of (relative) entropy, which we believe to be of independent interest. We illustrate our results with several applications, ranging from interconvertibility of ergodic states, over Landauer erasure to a bound on the necessary dimension of the catalyst for catalytic state transitions and Boltzmann’s H theorem
Longevity and Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays
It is proposed that the highest energy eV cosmic ray primaries
are protons, decay products of a long-lived progenitor which has propagated
from typically Mpc. Such a scenario can occur in e.g. SU(15) grand
unification and in some preon models, but is more generic; if true, these
unusual cosmic rays provide a window into new physics.Comment: 8 pages, RevTe
CLOCK expression identifies developing circadian oscillator neurons in the brains of Drosophila embryos
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>Drosophila </it>circadian oscillator is composed of transcriptional feedback loops in which CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) heterodimers activate their feedback regulators <it>period </it>(<it>per</it>) and <it>timeless </it>(<it>tim</it>) via E-box mediated transcription. These feedback loop oscillators are present in distinct clusters of dorsal and lateral neurons in the adult brain, but how this pattern of expression is established during development is not known. Since CLK is required to initiate feedback loop function, defining the pattern of CLK expression in embryos and larvae will shed light on oscillator neuron development.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A novel CLK antiserum is used to show that CLK expression in the larval CNS and adult brain is limited to circadian oscillator cells. CLK is initially expressed in presumptive small ventral lateral neurons (s-LN<sub>v</sub>s), dorsal neurons 2 s (DN<sub>2</sub>s), and dorsal neuron 1 s (DN<sub>1</sub>s) at embryonic stage (ES) 16, and this CLK expression pattern persists through larval development. PER then accumulates in all CLK-expressing cells except presumptive DN<sub>2</sub>s during late ES 16 and ES 17, consistent with the delayed accumulation of PER in adult oscillator neurons and antiphase cycling of PER in larval DN<sub>2</sub>s. PER is also expressed in non-CLK-expressing cells in the embryonic CNS starting at ES 12. Although PER expression in CLK-negative cells continues in <it>Clk</it><sup>Jrk </sup>embryos, PER expression in cells that co-express PER and CLK is eliminated.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data demonstrate that brain oscillator neurons begin development during embryogenesis, that PER expression in non-oscillator cells is CLK-independent, and that oscillator phase is an intrinsic characteristic of brain oscillator neurons. These results define the temporal and spatial coordinates of factors that initiate <it>Clk </it>expression, imply that circadian photoreceptors are not activated until the end of embryogenesis, and suggest that PER functions in a different capacity before oscillator cell development is initiated.</p
By-passing fluctuation theorems
Fluctuation theorems impose constraints on possible work extraction probabilities in thermodynamical processes. These constraints are stronger than the usual second law, which is concerned only with average values. Here, we show that such constraints, expressed in the form of the Jarzysnki equality, can be by-passed if one allows for the use of catalysts---additional degrees of freedom that may become correlated with the system from which work is extracted, but whose reduced state remains unchanged so that they can be re-used. This violation can be achieved both for small systems but also for macroscopic many-body systems, and leads to positive work extraction per particle with finite probability from macroscopic states in equilibrium. In addition to studying such violations for a single system, we also discuss the scenario in which many parties use the same catalyst to induce local transitions. We show that there exist catalytic processes that lead to highly correlated work distributions, expected to have implications for stochastic and quantum thermodynamics
Cosmic Background Radiation Temperature Anisotropy: Position of First Doppler Peak
The purpose of the Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) experiments is to
measure the temperature anisotropy via the autocorrelation function. The
partial wave corresponding to the first Doppler peak caused by
baryon-photon oscillations at the surface of last scattering depends on the
present density and the cosmological constant contribution
. We discuss this dependence on the basis of perspicuous
figures.Comment: 16 pages LaTeX including four figure
Three Generations in Minimally Extended Standard Models
We present a class of minimally extended standard models with the gauge group
where for all , anomaly
cancelation requires three generations. At low energy, we recover the Standard
Model (SM), while at higher energies, there must exist quarks, leptons and
gauge bosons with electric charges shifted from their SM values by integer
multiples of the electron charge up to . Since the value N=5 is
the highest consistent with QCD asymptotic freedom, we elaborate on the
3-5-1 model.Comment: 9 pages, v3: version to appear in PL
The variance of relative surprisal as single-shot quantifier
The variance of (relative) surprisal (also known as varentropy) so far mostly
plays a role in information theory as quantifying the leading order corrections
to asymptotic i. i. d. limits. Here, we comprehensively study the use of it to
derive single-shot results in (quantum) information theory. We show that it
gives genuine sufficient and necessary conditions for approximate single-shot
state-transitions in generic resource theories without the need for further
optimization. We also clarify its relation to smoothed min- and max-entropies,
and construct a monotone for resource theories using only the standard
(relative) entropy and variance of (relative) surprisal. This immediately gives
rise to enhanced lower bounds for entropy production in random processes. We
establish certain properties of the variance of relative surprisal which will
be useful for further investigations, such as uniform continuity and upper
bounds on the violation of sub-additivity. Motivated by our results, we further
derive a simple and physically appealing axiomatic single-shot characterization
of (relative) entropy which we believe to be of independent interest. We
illustrate our results with several applications, ranging from
interconvertibility of ergodic states, over Landauer erasure to a bound on the
necessary dimension of the catalyst for catalytic state transitions and
Boltzmann's H-theorem.Comment: 12+17 page
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