BBS/BBF ENCAPSULATED MICROORGANISMS TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLID INOCULATION, THE NEXT STEP TO NOT USE WATER IN BIOLEACHING PROCESSES WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE

Industrial hydrometallurgical processes using copper oxides and mixed oxide/sulfide exhibit high concentrations of several ions in their raffinates that hinder the treatment of copper ores with microorganisms because they are strongly affected by ionic impurities. On the other hand, water costs and hydric balance of processes in some mining sites, especially in desert areas, make it impossible to use fresh water for the dilution of toxic solutions and compatibility of the microbial activity in the bioleaching process. A strategy to address this in bioleaching applications has not been solved with an economical sustainable way

Accesibilidad de la población de menores ingresos al servicio de transporte público en el municipio de Toluca

Las posibilidades de la población de menores ingresos para acceder al servicio de transporte, es un tema vigente en agencias internacionales como el Banco Mundial, el cual establece porcentajes deseables en índices cuyo valor depende de variables como el ingreso de las familias, el numero de viajes que deben realizar y la tarifa del servicio de transporté, que reflejan la posibilidad de pago de la población para cubrir sus necesidades de transporte. El presente artículo muestra los resultados de un trabajo realizado con datos sobre la población de menores ingreso del municipio de Toluca y sus posibilidades para satisfacer sus necesidades básicas de transporte considerando sus niveles de ingreso la tarifa del trasporte y el número de viaje

"Noble" Tlaxcalans: race and ethnicity in northeastern New Spain, 1770-1810

textThis dissertation reconstructs how one late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century northern Mexican indigenous community, San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala, gave meaning to their world. San Esteban was home to Tlaxcalans who resettled from central New Spain in 1591. Although other works allude to the importance of the Tlaxcalans who populated this region, there has been little detailed historical research about their activities and the impact they had on colonial society. My work provides the most thorough analysis yet of this community by utilizing a rich array of Spanish-language sources by and about the Tlaxcalans of Coahuila, including legal cases, criminal records, parish birth, marriage and burial records, census data, testaments, and municipal records. Although colonial scholars who have used native-language sources helped reshape our understanding of indigenous life and culture, we must also consider official documentation and the voluminous Spanish-language resources produced by indigenous people in order to gain a more complete understanding of how indigenous peole viewed and interacted with the colonial world. These sources are especially important as, unlike many other indigenous communities, most documents produced by the Tlaxcalans of San Esteban in the late colonial period are in Spanish. This research thus indicates that Tlaxcalans actively questioned colonial policies, but Tlaxcalan elites also forged alliances with Spaniards both to help their own interests and those of the community. In addition, Tlaxcalans vehemently defended the noble status first given to them by the king in exchange for their help in conquering the northern provinces. This defense of communal rights and status ideology became part of their ethnic identity. Consequently, the Tlaxcalan elite's behavior ultimately both challenged and helped facilitate Spanish colonial rule. Moreover, by buying into Spanish notions of race and status Tlaxcalans supported this society's racial hierarchy.Histor

Consumer Evaluation of Cheese: Linking Hedonics, Emotions and Perception of Product Attributes

As the food industry continues to grow and the marketplace becomes saturated with similar products, consumer researchers and sensory scientists are looking to dig deeper into the minds of consumers to reveal greater distinctions between products and ultimately deliver multi-dimensionally desirable products to consumers. Concurrently, rates of adult and childhood obesity have been increasing nationwide. Food companies are now facing a paradigm shift as health initiatives and consumers are beginning to demand healthier alternatives to commonly consumed food products. With this in mind, it has become imperative to identify product attributes that drive consumption so they can be replicated in the alternative nutrition products. Additionally, foods high in undesirable nutrients, such as sodium, which has a positive correlation with cardiovascular disease and stroke, should be investigated in an effort to reduce this food ingredient and work toward increasing the nation’s health. Mozzarella cheese is the most consumed type of cheese in the U.S., and one serving provides 8% of your Daily Value for sodium. Considering the obesity epidemic and increasing prevalence of hypertension, there are opportunities to investigate sodium reduction in mozzarella cheese. Determining the attributes of cheese that drive consumption and the emotions that such products may elicit, can guide manufacturers in the production of a low sodium product that is accepted and preferred by the consumers. In order to do so, two phases of researcher were conducted. Phase 1 was conducted to (1) determine the hedonic and texture attributes of different cheeses that affect the end emotional state of a panelist, and (2) determine if the initial emotions and hedonics could better represent end product liking than hedonics alone. Seven convenience string cheese varieties with varying sodium and fat contents were evaluated using the Image Measurement of Emotion and Texture (IMET) method. Seven emotions (excited, sociable, self-confident, fatigued, judgmental, raging, and sad) scaled from 1- “slightly” to 5-“extremely” (with 0 representing “not at all”) were used, with each emotion at each level of intensity anchored by self-selected images that subjects chose prior to testing. Using a check-all-that-apply (CATA) format, subjects reported his/her emotional state and perception of textural attributes at the beginning and at the end of consumption. Hedonic attribute questions were measured using a 9-point hedonic scale and presented to subjects at the beginning and at the end of consuming each product. Compusense® at-hand was used for data collection. The results indicated: (1) the effect of texture attributes on the end emotional response of consumers depends on the cheese sample and (2) the hedonic principal components were sufficient to predict end overall liking. Phase two was conducted to (1) determine if the emotion calibration step is effective in creating an emotional baseline between samples, (2) determine differences in product acceptance based on partial NaCl substitution, and (3) evaluate product preparation procedures during formulation of low sodium cheeses. Low moisture part skim mozzarella samples were produced with three different salt/salt substitutes (NaCl, KCl, and Salona™) at two levels (100% and 50%) with two antimicrobials (CytoGuard™ LA 20 and NovaGARD®). All samples were evaluated by consumers (N=54), which involved emotion, hedonic and texture measurements. Subjects were asked his/her emotional state (excited, sociable, self-confident, fatigued, judgmental, raging and sad; scaled from 1- “slightly” to 5-“extremely” (with a 0 –“not at all” option) in a CATA format before and after consuming each sample. Hedonic questions (9-point hedonic scale) and perception of texture were assessed during and at the end of consumption. An emotional calibration step was added between samples. All data was collected using Compusense® at-hand. The results indicated: (1) there was no significant variations in panelists’ reported initial emotions between samples, (2) the full sodium and 100% KCl samples were consistently liked more compared to the other samples, and (3) special considerations for antimicrobial application should be made during production and preparation of experimentally developed low sodium cheese

Effects of Intimate Partner Violence on Maternal Reflective Functioning and Attachment Relationship in Hispanic/Latina Women and Their Preschool-Age Children: A Qualitative Study

Research indicates that thousands of women across the world suffer intimate partner violence (IPV) under the hands of their partner on a daily basis. Understanding the effects of intimate partner violence on their psychological functioning and maternal response to very young children is crucial to our understanding and provision of appropriate treatment. This qualitative study used a transcendental phenomenological approach designed to analyze the in-depth interview responses of ten Hispanic/Latina mothers of preschool-age children, who had been victims of IPV within the last year to examine these effects. Given the researchers desire to better understand the effects of IPV on these women, the focus was on obtaining the lived experiences in the words of these women including their maternal reflective functioning and the effect on their relationship with their child. In addition, the researcher attempted to discover and highlight any ethnic issues or childhood experiences, including the home atmosphere and how they were parented that participants perceived as having contributed to their being a victim of IPV. The purposefully selected sample was composed of ten Hispanic/Latina women who were mothers of preschool-age children, drawn from various agencies in a southwestern state in the United States. Data collection comprised three separate interview sessions within a 10-day period. The data were coded and organized according to the main research questions. The research revealed that for some of these women suffering childhood trauma, receiving poor parenting and exposure to IPV in their parents\u27 marital relationship transmitted to the mother\u27s parenting style. In other cases, women were able to overcome these negative effects and parented well. However, IPV was believed to be commonplace in the Hispanic/Latin culture and was perceived as having contributed significantly to these women as victims of IPV. In response to the study findings, recommendations are offered to family educators, counselors, and practitioners who come in contact with mothers and children suffering the plight of IPV, and suggestions for future research offered. Research indicates that thousands of women across the world suffer intimate partner violence (IPV) under the hands of their partner on a daily basis. Understanding the effects of intimate partner violence on their psychological functioning and maternal response to very young children is crucial to our understanding and provision of appropriate treatment. This qualitative study used a transcendental phenomenological approach designed to analyze the in-depth interview responses of ten Hispanic/Latina mothers of preschool-age children, who had been victims of IPV within the last year to examine these effects. Given the researcher\u27s desire to better understand the effects of IPV on these women, the focus was on obtaining the lived experiences in the words of these women including their maternal reflective functioning and the effect on their relationship with their child. In addition, the researcher attempted to discover and highlight any ethnic issues or childhood experiences, including the home atmosphere and how they were parented that participants perceived as having contributed to their being a victim of IPV. The purposefully selected sample was composed of ten Hispanic/Latina women who were mothers of preschool-age children, drawn from various agencies in a southwestern state in the United States. Data collection comprised three separate interview sessions within a 10-day period. The data were coded and organized according to the main research questions. The research revealed that for some of these women suffering childhood trauma, receiving poor parenting and exposure to IPV in their parents\u27 marital relationship transmitted to the mother\u27s parenting style. In other cases, women were able to overcome these negative effects and parented well. However, IPV was believed to be commonplace in the Hispanic/Latin culture and was perceived as having contributed significantly to these women as victims of IPV. In response to the study findings, recommendations are offered to family educators, counselors, and practitioners who come in contact with mothers and children suffering the plight of IPV, and suggestions for future research offered. Research indicates that thousands of women across the world suffer intimate partner violence (IPV) under the hands of their partner on a daily basis. Understanding the effects of intimate partner violence on their psychological functioning and maternal response to very young children is crucial to our understanding and provision of appropriate treatment. This qualitative study used a transcendental phenomenological approach designed to analyze the in-depth interview responses of ten Hispanic/Latina mothers of preschool-age children, who had been victims of IPV within the last year to examine these effects. Given the researcher\u27s desire to better understand the effects of IPV on these women, the focus was on obtaining the lived experiences in the words of these women including their maternal reflective functioning and the effect on their relationship with their child. In addition, the researcher attempted to discover and highlight any ethnic issues or childhood experiences, including the home atmosphere and how they were parented that participants perceived as having contributed to their being a victim of IPV. The purposefully selected sample was composed of ten Hispanic/Latina women who were mothers of preschool-age children, drawn from various agencies in a southwestern state in the United States. Data collection comprised three separate interview sessions within a 10-day period. The data were coded and organized according to the main research questions. The research revealed that for some of these women suffering childhood trauma, receiving poor parenting and exposure to IPV in their parents\u27 marital relationship transmitted to the mother\u27s parenting style. In other cases, women were able to overcome these negative effects and parented well. However, IPV was believed to be commonplace in the Hispanic/Latin culture and was perceived as having contributed significantly to these women as victims of IPV. In response to the study findings, recommendations are offered to family educators, counselors, and practitioners who come in contact with mothers and children suffering the plight of IPV, and suggestions for future research offered. Research indicates that thousands of women across the world suffer intimate partner violence (IPV) under the hands of their partner on a daily basis. Understanding the effects of intimate partner violence on their psychological functioning and maternal response to very young children is crucial to our understanding and provision of appropriate treatment. This qualitative study used a transcendental phenomenological approach designed to analyze the in-depth interview responses of ten Hispanic/Latina mothers of preschool-age children, who had been victims of IPV within the last year to examine these effects. Given the researcher\u27s desire to better understand the effects of IPV on these women, the focus was on obtaining the lived experiences in the words of these women including their maternal reflective functioning and the effect on their relationship with their child. In addition, the researcher attempted to discover and highlight any ethnic issues or childhood experiences, including the home atmosphere and how they were parented that participants perceived as having contributed to their being a victim of IPV. The purposefully selected sample was composed of ten Hispanic/Latina women who were mothers of preschool-age children, drawn from various agencies in a southwestern state in the United States. Data collection comprised three separate interview sessions within a 10-day period. The data were coded and organized according to the main research questions. The research revealed that for some of these women suffering childhood trauma, receiving poor parenting and exposure to IPV in their parents\u27 marital relationship transmitted to the mother\u27s parenting style. In other cases, women were able to overcome these negative effects and parented well. However, IPV was believed to be commonplace in the Hispanic/Latin culture and was perceived as having contributed significantly to these women as victims of IPV. In response to the study findings, recommendations are offered to family educators, counselors, and practitioners who come in contact with mothers and children suffering the plight of IPV, and suggestions for future research offered.\u2

On the Same Page: The Value of Paid and Volunteer Leaders Sharing Mental Models in Churches

We examine the idea that mental models shared among paid and volun- teer leaders are associated with improved financial performance in non- profit organizations. Our empirical analysis of thirty-seven churches yields evidence that organizations are more effective if paid and volunteer leaders have a shared task mental model—that is, if they report similar conceptual- izations of organizational goals and decision-making processes. These find- ings suggest that the extent of leaders’ agreement on organizational goals and the processes of how decisions are made matter for organizational per- formance. We argue that it is as important to ensure that everyone is on the same page with regard to goals and how decisions are made as it is to have the “right” goals or right decision processes in place. Implications for prac- tice and future research on shared mental models are discussed

Concrete Swelling in Existing Dams

Several chemical reactions are able to produce swelling of concrete for decades after its initial curing, a problem that affects a considerable number of concrete dams around the world. Principia has had several contracts to study this problem in recent years, which have required reviewing the state-of-the-art, adopting appropriate mathematical descriptions, programming them into user routines in Abaqus, determining model parameters on the basis of some parts of the dams’ monitored histories, ensuring reliability using some other parts, and finally predicting the future evolution of the dams and their safety margins. The paper describes some of the above experience, including the programming of sophisticated non-isotropic swelling models, that must be compatible with cracking and other nonlinearities involved in concrete behaviour. The applications concentrate on two specific cases, an archgravity dam and a double-curvature arch dam, both with a long history of concrete swelling and which, interestingly, entailed different degrees of success in the modelling effort

Examining the sense of agency in human-computer interaction

Humans are agents, we feel that we control the course of events on our everyday life. This refers to the Sense of Agency (SoA). This experience is not only crucial in our daily life, but also in our interaction with technology. When we manipulate a user interface (e.g., computer, smartphone, etc.), we expect that the system responds to our input commands with feedback, as we desire to feel that we are in charge of the interaction. If this interplay elicits a SoA, then the user will perceive an instinctive feeling of “I am controlling this”. Although research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) pursuits the design of intuitive and responsive systems, most of the current studies have been focussed mainly on interaction techniques (e.g., software-hardware) and User Experience (UX) (e.g., comfort, usability, etc.), and very little has been investigated in terms of the SoA i.e., the conscious experience of being in control regarding the interaction. In this thesis, we present an experimental exploration of the role of the SoA in interaction paradigms typical of HCI. After two chapters of introduction and related work, we describe a series of studies that explore agency implication in interaction with systems through human senses such as vision, audio, touch and smell. Chapter 3 explores the SoA in mid-air haptic interaction through touchless actions. Then, Chapter 4 examines agency modulation through smell and its application for olfactory interfaces. Chapter 5 describes two novel timing techniques based on auditory and haptic cues that provide alternative timing methods to the traditional Libet clock. Finally, we conclude with a discussion chapter that highlights the importance of our SoA during interactions with technology as well as the implications of the results found, in the design of user interfaces

Trends and Surveillance of Adult Pneumococcal Diseases in Arkansas State, 2000 to 2013.

Pneumococcal diseases have high mortality and morbidity worldwide, and they present in two major clinical manifestations: 1) pneumococcal pneumonia, which is the most common manifestation and 2) invasive pneumococcal disease that is less frequent but more often fatal. Pneumococcal diseases disproportionately affect young children and the elderly. The population of Arkansas is highly vulnerable due to high rates of chronic diseases, a rapidly aging population and low adult vaccinations rates. This dissertation aims at understanding the epidemiology of adult pneumococcal pneumonia and adult invasive pneumococcal disease in the state of Arkansas during the past 14 years to inform future immunization program improvement. Additionally, the sensitivity and completeness of the adult invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance system during 2003 to 2013 were assessed to evaluate the usefulness of surveillance data in informing immunization planning. Records of adult pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease cases with de-identified demographic information were extracted from hospital discharge data. Overall and subpopulation trends were evaluated using generalized linear models. Pneumococcal pneumonia trends displayed a gradual annual percent decline of 5.07% per year (95% CI: 3.53, 6.95) from 2000 to 2009. The decline became more pronounced from 2010 to 2013 at 19.10% per year (95% CI: 14.10, 23.51). On the other hand, the IPD trends showed a small annual percent increment of 3.66% per year (95% CI: 2.02, 4.92) from 2000 to 2009, followed by a decline of 11.31% per year (95% CI: 15.46, 6.57) from 2010 to 2013. Subpopulation trends showed similar trend patterns. These results highlight the indirect effects of the introduction of childhood vaccinations PCV7 in 2000 and PCV13 in 2010 on the reduction of the pneumococcal disease burden among adults. The surveillance system assessment revealed its low capacity for capturing adult invasive pneumococcal disease cases. However, a significant improvement in the sensitivity and data quality was observed over time, especially after the implementation of the web-based National Electronic Disease Surveillance System.PhDEpidemiological ScienceUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/120741/1/apperez_1.pd

Alfabetización científica por medio de rondas de lecturas en la educación inicial

La lectura es una fase importante para el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, permitiendo además de decodificar fonemas e grafemas, asociar textos científicos con las vivencias del día a día. La ejecución del proyecto se hace mediante los encuentros en la Escuela Municipal Arnaldo Ysidoro de Lima ubicado en el barrio Vila C, ciudad Foz de Iguazú-PR. El objetivo general del proyecto es crear grupos de lecturas en escuelas públicas de Foz de IguazúPR, dentro de las referencias de las Tertulias Literarias Dialógicas para incentivar la lectura de diferentes géneros para los estudiantes a partir de aspectos enfocados a la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la ciencia, así como auxiliar la capacidad de interpretación del texto con expresión artística en forma de diseños y el dialogo entre los participantes. El encuentro de lectura es ejecutado semanalmente, con días y horarios fijos. Cada texto es direccionado a temas científicos y ambientales, escogido con antecedencia y analizado por el coordinador antes de los encuentros. En los encuentros efectuados, los alumnos demostraron interés, participación, en cuanto también se pudo observar estudiantes con algunas dificultades, lo que permitieron lograr mejoras en los trabajos previstos