Linear and circular UWB millimeter-wave and terahertz monostatic near-field synthetic aperture Iimaging

Millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies offer unique characteristics to simultaneously obtain good spatial resolution and penetrability. In this paper, a robust near-field monostatic ocusing technique is presented and successfully applied for the internal imaging of different penetrable geometries. These geometries and environments are related to the growing need to furnish new vehicles with radar-sensing devices that can visualize their surroundings in a clear and robust way. Sub-millimeter-wave radar sensing offers enhanced capabilities in providing information with a high level of accuracy and quality, even under adverse weather conditions. The aim of this paper was to research the capability of this radar system for imaging purposes from an analytical and experimental point of view. Two sets of measurements, using reference targets, were performed in the W band at 100 GHz (75 to 110 GHz) and terahertz band at 300 GHz (220 to 330 GHz). The results show spatial resolutions of millimeters in both the range (longitudinal) and the cross-range (transversal) dimensions for the two different imaging geometries in terms of the location of the transmitter and receiver (frontal or lateral views). The imaging quality in terms of spatial accuracy and target material parameter was investigated and optimized.This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science, Spain (TEC2016-78028-C3-1-P and TEC2016-78028-C3-2-P) and by the European FEDER funds

Terahertz frequency-scaled differential imaging for Sub-6 GHz vehicular antenna signature analysis

The next generation of connected and autonomous vehicles will be equipped with high numbers of antennas operating in a wide frequency range for communications and environment sensing. The study of 3D spatial angular responses and the radiation patterns modified by vehicular structure will allow for better integration of the associated communication and sensing antennas. The use of near-field monostatic focusing, applied with frequency-dimension scale translation and differential imaging, offers a novel imaging application. The objective of this paper is to theoretically and experimentally study the method of obtaining currents produced by an antenna radiating on top of a vehicular platform using differential imaging. The experimental part of the study focuses on measuring a scaled target using an imaging system operating in a terahertz band—from 220 to 330 GHz—that matches a 5G frequency band according to frequency-dimension scale translation. The results show that the induced currents are properly estimated using this methodology, and that the influence of the bandwidth is assessed.This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science, Spain (PID2019-107885GB-C33/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, TEC2016-78028-C3-1-P, TEC2016-78028-C3-2-P and TEC2016-78028-C3-3-P, MDM2016-O6OO), Catalan Research Group 2017 SGR 219, and the European FEDER funds

The Deleterious Influence of Tenofovir-Based Therapies on the Progression of Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected Patients

We investigated the potential differential effects of antiretroviral therapies on unbalanced chemokine homeostasis and on the progression of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. A two-year prospective study was performed in 67 consecutive HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy with abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine. Circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers, progression of subclinical atherosclerosis and expression levels of selected chemokines genes in circulating leukocytes were assessed. Control subjects showed significantly lower plasma concentrations of CRP, tPA, IL-6, and MCP-1 than HIV-infected patients at a baseline. After two years of followup, the observed decreases in plasma inflammatory biomarker levels were only significant for MCP-1, tPA, and IL-6. The decrease in plasma MCP-1 concentration was associated with the progression of atherosclerosis, and this effect was negligible only in patients receiving TDF-based therapy. Multivariate analysis confirmed that treatment with TDF was positively and significantly associated with a higher likelihood of subclinical atherosclerosis progression. However, the expression levels of selected genes in blood cells only showed associations with the viral load and total and HDL-cholesterol levels. Current antiretroviral treatments may partially attenuate the influence of HIV infection on certain inflammatory pathways, though patients receiving TDF therapy must be carefully monitored with respect to the presence and/or progression of atherosclerosis

On differential imaging using electromagnetic simulation for vehicular antenna signature analysis

The current trend in vehicles is to integrate a wide number of antennae and sensors operating at a variety of frequencies for sensing and communications. The integration of these antennae and sensors in the vehicle platform is complex because of the way in which the antenna radiation patterns interact with the vehicle structure and other antennae/sensors. Consequently, there is a need to study the radiation pattern of each antenna or, alternatively, the currents induced on the surface of the vehicle to optimize the integration of multiple antennae. The novel concept of differential imaging represents one method by which it is possible to obtain the surface current distribution without introducing any perturbing probe. The aim of this study was to develop and confirm the assumptions that underpin differential imaging by means of full-wave electromagnetic simulation, thereby providing additional verification of the concept. The simulation environment and parameters were selected to replicate the conditions in which real measurements were taken in previous studies. The simulations were performed using Ansys HFSS simulation software. The results confirm that the approximations are valid, and the differential currents are representative of the induced surface currents generated by a monopole positioned on the top of a vehicle.This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science, Spain (PID2019-107885GB-C33 / Agencia Estatal de Investigación AEI / 10.13039/501100011033), and the Catalan Research Group 2017 SGR 219

Current trends in access to treatment for hepatitis B in immigrants vs non-immigrants

Universal vaccination for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and migratory movements have changed the demographic characteristics of this disease in Spain and in Europe. Therefore, we evaluated the characteristics of the disease and the possible differences according to origin (immigrants vs non-immigrants) and access to treatment. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study (June 2014 to May 2015) in which outpatients with a positive HBsAg were seen and followed in four Hepatology units. Demographic and clinical data and indication and access to treatment were collected in two different regions of Catalonia (Spain) where there are no barriers to treatment due to a comprehensive coverage under the National Health System. A total of 951 patients were evaluated (48.1% men). Of these, 46.6% were immigrants (58.7% of them were born in Africa) and were significantly younger compared to non-immigrants. The proportions of patients with alcohol consumption, being overweight, and other indicators of metabolic co-morbidities were significantly higher in non-immigrants. Among the 937 patients receiving HBeAg examination, 91.7% were HBeAg-negative. Chronic HBeAg-positive infection was significantly higher in immigrants (3.9% vs 0.6%, P = 0.001) and chronic HBeAg-negative hepatitis was higher non-immigrants (31.7% vs 21.4%, P < 0.001). Not only was the proportion of patients who met treatment criteria significantly higher among non-immigrants (38.4% vs 29.2%, P = 0.003), but also the proportion of those with indication of effectively receiving therapy at the time of data collection (83.2% vs 57.8 %, P < 0.001). The immigrant population with HBV is younger and has a lower prevalence of metabolic co-morbidities and a higher frequency of chronic HBeAg infection. Despite having access to care and an indication for treatment, some do not get adequately treated due to several factors including local adaptation that precludes access to treatment

Cambio climático y lucha contra la pobreza

Este libro es el resultado de la VI edición de los cursos de verano que la Fundación Carolina organiza anualmente en colaboración con la Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo. El cambio climático global representa uno de los mayores retos a los cuales deben enfrentarse todos los países y en particular los menos desarrollados. No solamente está amenazado nuestro modelo productivo y de utilización de los recursos del planeta, sino también la propia sostenibilidad de la vida humana. Fenómenos adversos como las inundaciones, intensas y prolongadas sequías, la escasez de agua potable, y la disminución de la productividad agrícola entre otros nos obligan a incluir el cambio climático como una variable central de nuestras estrategias de desarrollo. Mientras los Estados más adelantados están mejor preparados para paliar los efectos de estos cambios y catástrofes, los países en desarrollo y su población adolecen de elevados niveles de vulnerabilidad susceptibles de socavar sus esfuerzos de desarrollo. Este libro pretende ofrecer una reflexión desde disciplinas muy diferentes como la sociología, la economía, la agronomía y la ecología sobre la estrecha relación e interrelación entre pobreza y cambio climáticoPresentación / Rosa Conde (VII-X). -- Introducción / Mercedes Pardo y Maribel Rodríguez (XI-XVI). -- Cambio climático y pobreza: una mala combinación / Mercedes Pardo Buendía (pp.1-23). -- Desarrollo sostenible: sostenibilidad débil y fuerte y los objetivos de desarrollo del milenio / Iván López Pardo (pp. 25-53). -- Cambio climático, agua y producción de alimentos / Ana Iglesias y Sonia Quiroga (pp. 55-76). -- Cambio climático y desarrollo en la agenda de Copenhague / Mª Teresa Ribera (pp. 77-82). -- El fin de la diversión tras Copenhague. Las políticas de mitigación del cambio climático: una revisión crítica desde la cooperación / Jordi Ortega (pp. 83-124). -- Acceso a servicios energéticos: elemento clave en el desarrollo de los objetivos del milenio y la adaptación al cambio climático / Leida Mercado (pp. 125-148). -- La cooperación para el desarrollo: situación y oportunidades / Ignacio Santos Molina (pp. 149-176). -- Medidas para la recuperación económica / José Luis Samaniego y Luis Miguel Galindo (pp. 177-211)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA repair genes as risk factors associated to prostate cancer progression

Background Besides serum levels of PSA, there is a lack of prostate cancer specific biomarkers. It is need to develop new biological markers associated with the tumor behavior which would be valuable to better individualize treatment. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in DNA repair and prostate cancer progression.Methods A total of 494 prostate cancer patients from a Spanish multicenter study were genotyped for 10 SNPs in XRCC1, ERCC2, ERCC1, LIG4, ATM and TP53 genes. The SNP genotyping was made in a Biotrove OpenArray® NT Cycler. Clinical tumor stage, diagnostic PSA serum levels, and Gleason score at diagnosis were obtained for all participants. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined using the web-based environment SNPator.Results SNPs rs11615 (ERCC1) and rs17503908 (ATM) appeared as risk factors for prostate cancer aggressiveness. Patients wild homozygous for these SNPs (AA and TT, respectively) were at higher risk for developing cT2b – cT4 (OR = 2.21 (confidence interval (CI) 95% 1.47 – 3.31), p < 0.001) and Gleason scores ≥ 7 (OR = 2.22 (CI 95% 1.38 – 3.57), p < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, those patients wild homozygous for both SNPs had the greatest risk of presenting D’Amico high-risk tumors (OR = 2.57 (CI 95% 1.28 – 5.16)).Conclusions Genetic variants at DNA repair genes are associated with prostate cancer progression, and would be taken into account when assessing the malignancy of prostate cancer.This work was subsidized by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad from Spain), ID: PI12/01867. Almudena Valenciano has a grant from the Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC)

Multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase IV-III study to evaluate the efficacy of cloxacillin plus fosfomycin versus cloxacillin alone in adult patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: Study protocol for the SAFO trial

Introduction Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteraemia is a frequent condition, with high mortality rates. There is a growing interest in identifying new therapeutic regimens able to reduce therapeutic failure and mortality observed with the standard of care of beta-lactam monotherapy. In vitro and small-scale studies have found synergy between cloxacillin and fosfomycin against S. aureus. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that cloxacillin plus fosfomycin achieves higher treatment success than cloxacillin alone in patients with MSSA bacteraemia. Methods We will perform a superiority, randomised, open-label, phase IV-III, two-armed parallel group (1:1) clinical trial at 20 Spanish tertiary hospitals. Adults (=18 years) with isolation of MSSA from at least one blood culture =72 hours before inclusion with evidence of infection, will be randomly allocated to receive either cloxacillin 2 g/4-hour intravenous plus fosfomycin 3 g/6-hour intravenous or cloxacillin 2 g/4-hour intravenous alone for 7 days. After the first week, sequential treatment and total duration of antibiotic therapy will be determined according to clinical criteria by the attending physician. Primary endpoints: (1) Treatment success at day 7, a composite endpoint comprising all the following criteria: patient alive, stable or with improved quick-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, afebrile and with negative blood cultures for MSSA at day 7. (2) Treatment success at test of cure (TOC) visit: patient alive and no isolation of MSSA in blood culture or at another sterile site from day 8 until TOC (12 weeks after randomisation). We assume a rate of treatment success of 74% in the cloxacillin group. Accepting alpha risk of 0.05 and beta risk of 0.2 in a two-sided test, 183 subjects will be required in each of the control and experimental groups to obtain statistically significant difference of 12% (considered clinically significant). Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of Bellvitge University Hospital (AC069/18) and from the Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Product Regulatory Agency (AEMPS, AC069/18), and is valid for all participating centres under existing Spanish legislation. The results will be presented at international meetings and will be made available to patients and funders. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ

Multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase IV-III study to evaluate the efficacy of cloxacillin plus fosfomycin versus cloxacillin alone in adult patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: study protocol for the SAFO trial

Introduction: Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteraemia is a frequent condition, with high mortality rates. There is a growing interest in identifying new therapeutic regimens able to reduce therapeutic failure and mortality observed with the standard of care of beta-lactam monotherapy. In vitro and small-scale studies have found synergy between cloxacillin and fosfomycin against S. aureus. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that cloxacillin plus fosfomycin achieves higher treatment success than cloxacillin alone in patients with MSSA bacteraemia. Methods: We will perform a superiority, randomised, open-label, phase IV-III, two-armed parallel group (1:1) clinical trial at 20 Spanish tertiary hospitals. Adults (≥18 years) with isolation of MSSA from at least one blood culture ≤72 hours before inclusion with evidence of infection, will be randomly allocated to receive either cloxacillin 2 g/4-hour intravenous plus fosfomycin 3 g/6-hour intravenous or cloxacillin 2 g/4-hour intravenous alone for 7 days. After the first week, sequential treatment and total duration of antibiotic therapy will be determined according to clinical criteria by the attending physician. Primary endpoints: (1) Treatment success at day 7, a composite endpoint comprising all the following criteria: patient alive, stable or with improved quick-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, afebrile and with negative blood cultures for MSSA at day 7. (2) Treatment success at test of cure (TOC) visit: patient alive and no isolation of MSSA in blood culture or at another sterile site from day 8 until TOC (12 weeks after randomisation). We assume a rate of treatment success of 74% in the cloxacillin group. Accepting alpha risk of 0.05 and beta risk of 0.2 in a two-sided test, 183 subjects will be required in each of the control and experimental groups to obtain statistically significant difference of 12% (considered clinically significant). Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of Bellvitge University Hospital (AC069/18) and from the Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Product Regulatory Agency (AEMPS, AC069/18), and is valid for all participating centres under existing Spanish legislation. The results will be presented at international meetings and will be made available to patients and funders