Pengurangan Pemakaian Pupuk Anorganik dengan Penambahan Bokashi Serasah Tanaman pada Budidaya Tanaman Tomat

The aim of the research was to investigate the application of plant compost on the growth and yield of tomatoes. The experiment was conducted in Bandar Lampung from October 2009 until February 2010. The experimental design was completely randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments were: control; recommended inorganic fertilizers 135 kg N ha-1, 75 kg P2O5 ha-1, and 110 kg K2O ha-1; white leadtree (Leucaena glauca) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; legume compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer; teak (Tectona grandis) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; teak compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer; paddy straw (Oryza sativa) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; paddy straw compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer; rattlepod (Crotalaria anagyroides) compost + recommended inorganic fertilizer; rattlepod compost + 50% recommended inorganic fertilizer. Our results showed that rattlepod and paddy straw composts gave similar results in tomato growth and yield, and they were better than other plant composts tested. The application of 50% inorganic fertilizers combined with plant compost had the higher yield as compared to recommended inorganic fertilizer treatment. This implied that the use of plant compost could reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers while maintaining higher yield than using inorganic fertilizers only. The soil chemical properties was improved after application of plant compost

Pengaruh Penggunaan Mulsa Plastik Hitam Perak Dan Jerami Padi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Tanaman Cabai Merah (Capsicum Annum L.) Di Dataran Tinggi

Produksi cabai merah ( Capsicum annum L. ) di Indonesia masih tergolong rendah, penggunan mulsa plastik hitam perak dan jerami padi merupakan alternatif untuk meningkatkan produksi cabai merah. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui : (1) pengaruh penggunaan mulsa plastik hitam perak dan jerami padi terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman cabai merah di dataran tinggi, dan (2) jenis mulsa yang memberikan pengaruh terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman cabai merah di dataran tinggi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Jalan Raya Pekon Banjar Negeri, Kecamatan Gunung Alip, Kabupaten Tanggamus pada Oktober 2011 sampai April 2012. Perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut adalah penggunaan jenis mulsa dengan tiga perlakuan yaitu tanpa mulsa (m0), mulsa plastik hitam perak (m1), dan mulsa jerami padi (m2). Data yang diperoleh diuji dengan uji χ2 dan additifitas data diuji dengan uji Tukey, sedangkan uji lanjut dilakukan degan uji beda nyata terkecil (BNT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan mulsa plastik hitam perak dan jerami padi berpengaruh nyata pada beberapa variabel pengamatan, yaitu pada variabel tinggi tanaman, jumlah bunga, tingkat percabangan, jumlah buah panen, bobot buah panen, dan bobot buah total. Sedangkan pemberian mulsa jerami dan mulsa plastik hitam perak tidak berpengaruh nyata pada variabel jumlah buah

Pengaruh Frekuensi Penyemprotan dan Konsentrasi Pupuk Organik Cair pada Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill.)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh frekuensi penyemprotan pupuk organik cair pada pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat, mengetahui pengaruh pemberian konsentrasi pupuk organik cair pada pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat, dan mengetahui interaksi antara frekuensi penyemprotan dan pemberian konsentrasi pupuk organik cair pada pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Jatimulyo Kecamatan Jatiagung Kabupaten Lampung Selatan dari bulan Juni sampai dengan bulan Oktober 2012. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan kelompok teracak sempurna (RKTS) yang disusun secara faktorial (3×3) dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah frekuensi penyempotan pupuk organik cair yang terdiri dari tiga taraf yaitu empat hari sekali, tujuh hari sekali, dan sepuluh hari sekali. Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi pupuk oganik cair yang terdiri dari 1 ml l-1 air, 5 ml l-1 air dan 9 ml l-1 air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi penyemprotan pupuk organik cair tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap semua variabel pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat, pemberian pupuk organik cair dengan konsentrasi 5 ml l-1 air lebih meningkatkan bobot buah per tanaman, bobot buah per petak, jumlah buah per tanaman, dan jumlah buah per petak, dan tidak terdapat interaksi antara frekuensi penyemprotan dan pemberian konsentrasi pupuk organik cair terhadap variabel pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

THE EFFECT OF 1-MCP IN MAINTAINING THE QUALITY OF TOMATO SLICES

Maintenance of quality traits is important during storage of fresh-cut produce.  Changes  in firmness, in tomato for instance, are ethylene-mediated.  The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of the ethylene antagonist 1-MCP in maintaining the quality of tomato slices.  Fruits of tomato cv. ‘Revolution’ were harvested at the ‘pink’ stage of maturity, treated with 1 mL.L-1 1-MCP for 12 hours at 20 ºC, and sliced.  Slices were stored as vertical stacks in closed plastic containers at 5 °C for up to 10 days.  Exposure of intact tomatoes to 1-MCP reduced ethylene production and respiration rate in slices, and produced firmer slices than when intact tomatoes were treated without 1-MCP.    When intact tomatoes, at the ‘pink’ maturity stage were treated with several concentrations at 1-MCP (0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mL.L-1) at 20 °C for 12 h, 1-MCP reduced both ethylene production and the respiration rate, delayed softening of the pericarp and inhibited loss in acidity when compared with slices from fruit not treated with 1-MCP.   The most effective concentration of 1-MCP for inhibiting the ethylene-induced softening of tomato slices was 1 mL.L-1.

THE EFFECT OF 1-MCP IN MAINTAINING THE QUALITY OF TOMATO SLICES

Maintenance of quality traits is important during storage of fresh-cut produce.  Changes  in firmness, in tomato for instance, are ethylene-mediated.  The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of the ethylene antagonist 1-MCP in maintaining the quality of tomato slices.  Fruits of tomato cv. ‘Revolution’ were harvested at the ‘pink’ stage of maturity, treated with 1 mL.L-1 1-MCP for 12 hours at 20 ºC, and sliced.  Slices were stored as vertical stacks in closed plastic containers at 5 °C for up to 10 days.  Exposure of intact tomatoes to 1-MCP reduced ethylene production and respiration rate in slices, and produced firmer slices than when intact tomatoes were treated without 1-MCP.    When intact tomatoes, at the ‘pink’ maturity stage were treated with several concentrations at 1-MCP (0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mL.L-1) at 20 °C for 12 h, 1-MCP reduced both ethylene production and the respiration rate, delayed softening of the pericarp and inhibited loss in acidity when compared with slices from fruit not treated with 1-MCP.   The most effective concentration of 1-MCP for inhibiting the ethylene-induced softening of tomato slices was 1 mL.L-1.