Resolución de conflictos al interior de las organizaciones de usuarios de aguas en Chile: ¿judicialización o arbitraje?

Las alternativas o vías utilizadas actualmente para la solución de conflictos, esto es, la judicialización o el arbitraje no serían aparentemente los únicos caminos existentes para la resolución de las controversias de carácter trascendente para los usuarios de los cauces. En efecto, por una parte creemos que no obtendremos nada productivo si el legislador continúa agregando nuevos procedimientos, tanto para los arbitrajes como para los procesos propiamente judiciales. Esto se debe a que si estos nuevos procedimientos se utilizan diariamente, no cumplen con los fines esperados. Para abordar y solucionar la situación planteada creemos del todo factible que sean las Juntas de Vigilancia las que, utilizando al Directorio como árbitro arbitrador, resuelvan en primera instancia, como lo hacen en la actualidad, los conflictos surgidos en todo su territorio

Por uma fenomenologia da opinião

A opinião pública explicita a dialética dos interesses individuais e sociais. Há o conflito na opinião privada que se legitima pela esfera social e se reconhece no espaço público. A opinião pública resolve a sua contradição a partir da construção de estruturas sociais que elevam a singularidade a uma particularidade universalizada. Uma base conceitual para o estudo desse paradoxo encontra-se no pensamento hegeliano. Hegel descreve na Fenomenologia do Espírito o processo da consciência do sujeito que opina. A evolução da experiência da consciência privada e pública se reflete nas figuras históricas. A experiência da consciência de opinar é um fenômeno contraditório. A dialética dessa contradição manifesta-se, atualmente, a partir da emergência das redes sociai

Right versus left radial artery access for coronary procedures: an international collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis including 5 randomized trials and 3210 patients

BACKGROUND: Radial artery access is a mainstay in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease. However, there is uncertainty on the comparison of right versus left radial access for coronary procedures. We thus undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing right versus left radial access for coronary diagnostic and interventional procedures. METHODS: Pertinent studies were searched in CENTRAL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Scopus, together with international conference proceedings. Randomized trials comparing right versus left radial (or ulnar) access for coronary diagnostic or interventional procedures were included. Risk ratios (RR) and weighted mean differences (WMD) were computed to generate point estimates (95% confidence intervals). RESULTS: A total of 5 trials (3210 patients) were included. No overall significant differences were found comparing right versus left radial access in terms of procedural time (WMD=0.99 [-0.53; 2.51]min, p=0.20), contrast use (WMD=1.71 [-1.32; 4.74]mL, p=0.27), fluoroscopy time (WMD=-35.79 [-3.54; 75.12]s, p=0.07) or any major complication (RR=2.00 [0.75; 5.31], p=0.49). However, right radial access was fraught with a significantly higher risk of failure leading to cross-over to femoral access (RR=1.65 [1.18; 2.30], p=0.003) in comparison to left radial access. CONCLUSIONS: Right and left radial accesses appear largely similar in their overall procedural and clinical performance during transradial diagnostic or interventional procedures. Nonetheless, left radial access can be recommended especially during the learning curve phase to reduce femoral cross-overs

Cell wall disassembly is delayed by rhamnogalacturonate lyase gene silencing: potential role in fruit firmness

Strawberry fruits greatly reduce their quality due to softening during ripening with economically important losses. Texture changes of fleshy fruits during ripening are mainly due to middle lamellae dissolution, cell-to-cell adhesion losses and wall weakening of parenchyma cells by the coordinated action of several cell wall enzymes. Pectin degradation has been proven a key factor in strawberry softening by functional analysis of several pectinase genes (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase and -galactosidase). The complexity and highly dynamic nature of pectins remains a challenge to fully elucidate structure-function relationships of pectins. In this work, we present the functional analysis of two independent strawberry transgenic lines with more than 95% silencing of a rhamnogalacturonate lyase gene (FaRGLyase1). Firmness of ripe fruit was significantly higher in both transgenic lines than in the control. Cell walls from these fruits were extracted and analyzed by glycan microarray profiling. This high‐throughput technique allows a wide screening of cell-wall glycan occurrence based on the detection of specific cell wall oligosaccharide epitopes by monoclonal antibodies and reveals profiles which can be used as potential fingerprints specific for a singular organ and/or developmental stage. Our microarray results showed that the silencing of FaRGLyase1 reduced degradation of several rhamnogalacturonan-I related epitopes, as expected. Additionally, comparison of transgenic cell walls from ripe fruits with those extracted from control fruits at different developmental stages (green, white and red) by hierarchical clustering, demonstrated a higher similarity of transgenic fruit cell walls with the control cell walls from fruits at the white stage. Glycan microarray profiles revealed less degraded fruit cell walls as result of FaRGLyase1 down-regulation which could contribute to the increased firmness of transgenic fruitsUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Scissors modes in triaxial metal clusters

We study the scissors mode (orbital M1 excitations) in small Na clusters, triaxial metal clusters ${\rm Na}_{12}$ and ${\rm Na}_{16}$ and the close-to-spherical ${{\rm Na}_9}^+$, all described in DFT with detailed ionic background. The scissors modes built on spin-saturated ground and spin-polarized isomeric states are analyzed in virtue of both macroscopic collective and microscopic shell-model treatments. It is shown that the mutual destruction of Coulomb and the exchange-correlation parts of the residual interaction makes the collective shift small and the net effect can depend on details of the actual excited state. The crosstalk with dipole and spin-dipole modes is studied in detail. In particular, a strong crosstalk with spin-dipole negative-parity mode is found in the case of spin-polarized states. Triaxiality and ionic structure considerably complicate the scissors response, mainly at expense of stronger fragmentation of the strength. Nevertheless, even in these complicated cases the scissors mode is mainly determined by the global deformation. The detailed ionic structure destroys the spherical symmetry and can cause finite M1 response (transverse optical mode) even in clusters with zero global deformation. But its strength turns out to be much smaller than for the genuine scissors modes in deformed systems.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure

Downregulation of NAC transcription factors modifies cell wall composition and increases strawberry fruit firmness

The strawberry is a soft fruit with a very short post-harvest shelf life. The changes in texture during fruit ripening are mainly due to the dissolution of the middle lamellae, reducing cell-to-cell adhesion, and the weakening of parenchymal cell walls as result of the action of cell wall modifying enzymes. At present, no master regulator of this process has been discovered yet. NAC transcription factors have been involved in numerous physiological processes, including fruit ripening. In strawberry, the NAC family comprises more than 110 genes, and at least 6 of them are expressed during fruit development. In this research, we performed a functional analysis of two ripening-related NAC genes, FaNAC2 and FaNAC3, in Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Chandler. Several RNAi transgenic lines showing low FaNAC2 or FaNAC3 mRNA levels in fruit were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. These lines produced fruits significantly firmer than control at the ripe stage, being the increase in firmness higher in FaNAC2 silenced plants. Cell walls were extracted from ripe transgenic fruits and characterized by ELISA and Epitope Detection Chromatography (EDC), using monoclonal antibodies against different polysaccharide epitopes. FaNAC2 transgenic lines showed more extensive changes than FaNAC3; these modifications involved increased amounts of demethylated pectins (LM19) in water and CDTA fractions and an alteration of the lateral branches of RG-I, decreasing the amount of arabinan epitopes and increasing galactan epitopes detected by LM6 and LM5, respectively. The amount of arabinogalactan proteins recognized by the JIM13 antibody was also affected, decreasing in the Na2CO3 fraction and increasing in the 4M KOH and cellulase fraction of the transgenic lines.The results obtained indicate that NAC genes could be involved in the regulation of cell wall disassembly associated to strawberry fruit softening.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Continuum limit of amorphous elastic bodies: A finite-size study of low frequency harmonic vibrations

The approach of the elastic continuum limit in small amorphous bodies formed by weakly polydisperse Lennard-Jones beads is investigated in a systematic finite-size study. We show that classical continuum elasticity breaks down when the wavelength of the sollicitation is smaller than a characteristic length of approximately 30 molecular sizes. Due to this surprisingly large effect ensembles containing up to N=40,000 particles have been required in two dimensions to yield a convincing match with the classical continuum predictions for the eigenfrequency spectrum of disk-shaped aggregates and periodic bulk systems. The existence of an effective length scale \xi is confirmed by the analysis of the (non-gaussian) noisy part of the low frequency vibrational eigenmodes. Moreover, we relate it to the {\em non-affine} part of the displacement fields under imposed elongation and shear. Similar correlations (vortices) are indeed observed on distances up to \xi~30 particle sizes.Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures, 3 table

Ten Years’ Experience with Alendronate for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women

Background Antiresorptive agents are widely used to treat osteoporosis. We report the results of a multinational randomized, double-blind study, in which postmenopausal women with osteoporosis were treated with alendronate for up to 10 years. Methods The initial three-year phase of the study compared three daily doses of alendronate with placebo. Women in the original placebo group received alendronate in years 4 and 5 and then were discharged. Women in the original active-treatment groups continued to receive alendronate during the initial extension (years 4 and 5). In two further extensions (years 6 and 7, and 8 through 10), women who had received 5 mg or 10 mg of alendronate daily continued on the same treatment. Women in the discontinuation group received 20 mg of alendronate daily for two years and 5 mg daily in years 3, 4, and 5, followed by five years of placebo. Randomized group assignments and blinding were maintained throughout the 10 years. We report results for the 247 women who participated in all four phases of the study. Results Treatment with 10 mg of alendronate daily for 10 years produced mean increases in bone mineral density of 13.7 percent at the lumbar spine (95 percent confidence interval, 12.0 to 15.5 percent), 10.3 percent at the trochanter (95 percent confidence interval, 8.1 to 12.4 percent), 5.4 percent at the femoral neck (95 percent confidence interval, 3.5 to 7.4 percent), and 6.7 percent at the total proximal femur (95 percent confidence interval, 4.4 to 9.1 percent) as compared with base-line values; smaller gains occurred in the group given 5 mg daily. The discontinuation of alendronate resulted in a gradual loss of effect, as measured by bone density and biochemical markers of bone remodeling. Safety data, including fractures and stature, did not suggest that prolonged treatment resulted in any loss of benefit. Conclusions The therapeutic effects of alendronate were sustained, and the drug was well tolerated over a 10-year period. The discontinuation of alendronate resulted in the gradual loss of its effects

Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development: Synthesis Report, Mobile Learning Week 2019

(First paragraph) 2019’s Mobile Learning Week (MLW), UNESCO’s flagship event for information and communication technology (ICT) in education, focused on the theme ‘Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development’. Held over five days in Paris, it comprised a sequence of high-profile events (a global conference, a policy forum and workshops, a symposium and strategy labs), and involved more than 1,500 participants from 140 countries (including Ministers of Education and ICT, other representatives from Member States, the private sector, academia and international organizations)

FaMYB123 interacts with FabHLH3 to regulate the late steps of anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis during ripening.

In this work, we identified and functionally characterized the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) R2R3 MYB transcription factor FaMYB123. As in most genes associated with organoleptic properties of ripe fruit, FaMYB123 expression is ripening-related, receptacle-specific, and antagonistically regulated by ABA and auxin. Knockdown of FaMYB123 expression by RNAi in ripe strawberry fruit receptacles downregulated the expression of enzymes involved in the late steps of anthocyanin/flavonoid biosynthesis. Transgenic fruits showed a parallel decrease in the contents of total anthocyanin and flavonoid, especially malonyl derivatives of pelargonidin and cyanidins. The decrease was concomitant with accumulation of proanthocyanin, propelargonidins, and other condensed tannins associated mainly with green receptacles. Potential coregulation between FaMYB123 and FaMYB10, which may act on different sets of genes for the enzymes involved in anthocyanin production, was explored. FaMYB123 and FabHLH3 were found to interact and to be involved in the transcriptional activation of FaMT1, a gene responsible for the malonylation of anthocyanin components during ripening. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FaMYB123 regulates the late steps of the flavonoid pathway in a specific manner. In this study, a new function for an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, regulating the expression of a gene that encodes a malonyltransferase, has been elucidated.This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (AGL2014-55784-C2-2-R and AGL2017-86531-C2-2-R). FJMR is supported by a ‘Margarita Salas’ post-doctoral fellowship (UCOR02MS) from the University of Cordoba (Requalification of the Spanish university system) from the Ministry of Universities financed by the European Union (NexGenerationEU). FJMH is supported by a ‘Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion’ fellowship (IJC2020- 045526-I), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union ‘NextGenerationEU’/PRTR. AR-F and SA are on the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program, Project PlantaSYST (SGA-CSA No. 739582 under FPA No. 664620). The authors thank Dr. Gema Garc ıa from the Microscopy Unit of UCAIB-IMIBIC for technical help with the microscope. Funding for open access charge: University of Cordoba/CBUA.S