Sources of errors and uncertainties in the assessment of forest soil carbon stocks at different scales:review and recommendations

Spatially explicit knowledge of recent and past soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in forests will improve our understanding of the effect of human- and non-human-induced changes on forest C fluxes. For SOC accounting, a minimum detectable difference must be defined in order to adequately determine temporal changes and spatial differences in SOC. This requires sufficiently detailed data to predict SOC stocks at appropriate scales within the required accuracy so that only significant changes are accounted for. When designing sampling campaigns, taking into account factors influencing SOC spatial and temporal distribution (such as soil type, topography, climate and vegetation) are needed to optimise sampling depths and numbers of samples, thereby ensuring that samples accurately reflect the distribution of SOC at a site. Furthermore, the appropriate scales related to the research question need to be defined: profile, plot, forests, catchment, national or wider. Scaling up SOC stocks from point sample to landscape unit is challenging, and thus requires reliable baseline data. Knowledge of the associated uncertainties related to SOC measures at each particular scale and how to reduce them is crucial for assessing SOC stocks with the highest possible accuracy at each scale. This review identifies where potential sources of errors and uncertainties related to forest SOC stock estimation occur at five different scales—sample, profile, plot, landscape/regional and European. Recommendations are also provided on how to reduce forest SOC uncertainties and increase efficiency of SOC assessment at each scale.<p>Spatially explicit knowledge of recent and past soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in forests will improve our understanding of the effect of human- and non-human-induced changes on forest C fluxes. For SOC accounting, a minimum detectable difference must be defined in order to adequately determine temporal changes and spatial differences in SOC. This requires sufficiently detailed data to predict SOC stocks at appropriate scales within the required accuracy so that only significant changes are accounted for. When designing sampling campaigns, taking into account factors influencing SOC spatial and temporal distribution (such as soil type, topography, climate and vegetation) are needed to optimise sampling depths and numbers of samples, thereby ensuring that samples accurately reflect the distribution of SOC at a site. Furthermore, the appropriate scales related to the research question need to be defined: profile, plot, forests, catchment, national or wider. Scaling up SOC stocks from point sample to landscape unit is challenging, and thus requires reliable baseline data. Knowledge of the associated uncertainties related to SOC measures at each particular scale and how to reduce them is crucial for assessing SOC stocks with the highest possible accuracy at each scale. This review identifies where potential sources of errors and uncertainties related to forest SOC stock estimation occur at five different scales—sample, profile, plot, landscape/regional and European. Recommendations are also provided on how to reduce forest SOC uncertainties and increase efficiency of SOC assessment at each scale.</p

Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi

Explaining the large-scale diversity of soil organisms that drive biogeochemical processes-and their responses to environmental change-is critical. However, identifying consistent drivers of belowground diversity and abundance for some soil organisms at large spatial scales remains problematic. Here we investigate a major guild, the ectomycorrhizal fungi, across European forests at a spatial scale and resolution that is-to our knowledge-unprecedented, to explore key biotic and abiotic predictors of ectomycorrhizal diversity and to identify dominant responses and thresholds for change across complex environmental gradients. We show the effect of 38 host, environment, climate and geographical variables on ectomycorrhizal diversity, and define thresholds of community change for key variables. We quantify host specificity and reveal plasticity in functional traits involved in soil foraging across gradients. We conclude that environmental and host factors explain most of the variation in ectomycorrhizal diversity, that the environmental thresholds used as major ecosystem assessment tools need adjustment and that the importance of belowground specificity and plasticity has previously been underappreciated

Ammattiosaamisen näytöt yrityksen ja ammattiopiston yhteistyössä

Opinnäytetyön aiheena oli selvittää, miten ammattiosaamisen näytöt toimivat paikallisen osuuskaupan ja ammattiopiston yhteistyössä koskien ravintolan salipuolen tarjoilijoita. Ammattiosaamisen näytöt ovat olleet käytössä työssäoppijoiden arvioinnissa viisi vuotta. Tavoitteena oli saada tietoa näyttöjen hyödyistä työantajanäkökulmasta katsottuna sekä löytää mahdollisia kehittämiskohteita. Opinnäytetyön teoreettisessa osassa selvennettiin työssäoppimisen ja ammattiosaamisen näytön käsitteitä, mikä on niiden merkitys ammattikoulutuksessa ja toisaalta niiden merkitys työelämälle. Lisäksi selvitettiin yritysten rekrytointikäytäntöjä ja sitä, mitä on työelämän ja oppilaitosten yhteistyö. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osassa käytettiin puolistrukturoitua teemahaastattelua. Haastateltavat olivat paikallisen osuuskaupan ravintoloiden esimiehiä, ja haastattelut tehtiin kuudelle henkilölle. Haastattelut nauhoitettiin ja litteroitiin sanasta sanaan tietokoneelle jatkoanalyysia varten. Tutkimuksen tuloksena vahvistui se, että ammattiosaamisen näytöt ovat kaikille selkeä asia ja niistä on hyötyä sekä työnantajalle että opiskelijalle. Yhteistyö osuuskaupan ja ammattiopiton kanssa toimii hyvin, eivätkä näyttötilanteet ole aiheuttaneet suurempia ongelmia. Ainoastaan työssäoppijan osaamisen arviointi koetaan hankalana nykyisellä asteikolla. Alan ammattiopistotasoista koulutusta tarvitaan edelleen Joensuun alueella, ja tutkimuksen mukaan sitä pitäisi jopa lisätä. Koulutetun työvoiman puute ei vielä ole maakunnassa suuri ongelma verrattuna pääkaupunkiseutuun, mutta uhkakuvia on jo nyt havaittavissa. Tähän tulisi yhteistyökumppaneiden kiinnittää huomiota, jotta jatkossa Joensuun alueella koulutetaan riittävästi työvoimaa alalle.The purpose of the thesis was to find out how the collaboration between a company and vocational college works concerning vocational skills demonstrations of restaurant waiters. In addition, the task was to examine if there is any benefit of skills demonstrations for the company, and how to develop co-operation. Partners for the study are a local hotel and restaurant company and a local vocational college. The information was gathered from literature, journals, the Internet and by interviewing. In the theoretical part of the study the main issue was to explain what on-the-job learning is and what vocational skills demonstrations are, and what their consequence is for vocational education and for work life. Also how companies carry out their recruitment was clarified. Data for this study were collected by interviewing six supervisors in partner restaurants. The results of the study show that vocational skills demonstrations are perceived well without any complexities. Rather the results indicate more utilities for students, for the company and for the vocational school. The final result of this thesis was that it is important to keep on vocational education in Joensuu and even to enhance it. Now the lack of trained waiters is a fact in southern Finland. A vision is that it will be a threat also in eastern Finland in the future. To ensure professional labour for hotel and restaurant business, companies support for vocational education is essential