Alteraciones de la personalidad asociadas a las conductas adictivas

La presente investigación indaga los aspectos clínicos y de la personalidad relacionados con la drogadicción. Para ello se aplicó el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon (MCMI-II) y se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados obtenidos señalan la presencia de diferentes alteraciones de personalidad relacionadas con un mayor o menor abuso de drogas. Así, los sujetos con una puntuación menor en esta escala, no manifestarían características reseñables, a excepción de componentes antisociales de la personalidad. Sin embargo, los sujetos con una abuso de drogas pronunciado mostrarían una constelación amplia de distintas alteraciones. Se analiza la importancia de estos resultados de cara a la intervención.This study analyzes clinical and personality aspects related to drug addiction. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II (MCMI-II) and a modified Graña (1994) semi-structured interview were employed. The results obtained indicate the presence of several different personality disorders related to different degrees of drug abuse. Subjects with lower scores on this scale did not show noticeable characteristics. except for antisocial elements of the personality. However, the subjects with a greater level of drug abuse did show a wide range of disorders. The importancc of these results for intervention is analyzed

Social and personality variables related to the origin of auditory hallucinations

Hallucinations represent one of the most interesting and relevant symptoms in Psychopathology today. Although mainly associated with psychotic disorders, they are also present in an important range of psychiatric disturbances (affective disorders, post-traumatic stress, dementia, drug additions, etc.). This article emphasizes that social and personality aspects are basic to understanding this phenomenon. A large part of the studies carried out in recent years have dealt more with underlying biological and cognitive aspects of the phenomenon. However, the social situation in which these individuals live, the sociocultural context in which they move and the different personality styles which are what, to a great extent, determine the function that the hallucinations have in the life of these patients, must also be understood. This analysis focuses mainly on the auditory hallucinations normally present in schizophrenia.Las alucinaciones representan hoy en día uno de los síntomas más llamativos y relevantes de la Psicopatología. Así, aunque principalmente se asocian a los trastornos psicóticos, también están presentes en una gama amplia de alteraciones psiquiátricas (trastornos del estado de ánimo, estrés postraumático, demencias, toxicomanías, etc.). En el presente trabajo se destaca que los aspectos sociales y de personalidad son fundamentales a la hora de entender este fenómeno. Gran parte de los estudios llevados a cabo en los últimos años han incidido más en los aspectos biológicos y cognitivos subyacentes a este fenómeno. Sin embargo, también es relevante entender la situación social en la que se encuentran estos individuos, el contexto sociocultural en el que se mueven y los diferentes estilos de personalidad que son los que determinan, en gran medida, la función que las alucinaciones cobran en la vida de estos pacientes. El presente análisis se centra fundamentalmente en las voces auditivas presentes habitualmente en la esquizofrenia

Social and personality variables related to the origin of auditory hallucinations

Las alucinaciones representan hoy en día uno de los síntomas más llamativos y relevantes de la Psicopatología. Así, aunque principalmente se asocian a los trastornos psicóticos, también están presentes en una gama amplia de alteraciones psiquiátricas (trastornos del estado de ánimo, estrés postraumático, demencias, toxicomanías, etc.). En el presente trabajo se destaca que los aspectos sociales y de personalidad son fundamentales a la hora de entender este fenómeno. Gran parte de los estudios llevados a cabo en los últimos años han incidido más en los aspectos biológicos y cognitivos subyacentes a este fenómeno. Sin embargo, también es relevante entender la situación social en la que se encuentran estos individuos, el contexto sociocultural en el que se mueven y los diferentes estilos de personalidad que son los que determinan, en gran medida, la función que las alucinaciones cobran en la vida de estos pacientes. El presente análisis se centra fundamentalmente en las voces auditivas presentes habitualmente en la esquizofrenia

Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)

Systematic excavations at the site of the Sima de los Huesos (SH) in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) have allowed us to reconstruct 27 complete long bones of the human species Homo heidelbergensis. The SH sample is used here, together with a sample of 39 complete Homo neanderthalensis long bones and 17 complete early Homo sapiens (Skhul/Qafzeh) long bones, to compare the stature of these three different human species. Stature is estimated for each bone using race- and sex-independent regression formulae, yielding an average stature for each bone within each taxon. The mean length of each long bone from SH is significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the corresponding mean values in the Neandertal sample. The stature has been calculated for male and female specimens separately, averaging both means to calculate a general mean. This general mean stature for the entire sample of long bones is 163.6 cm for the SH hominins, 160.6 cm for Neandertals and 177.4 cm for early modern humans. Despite some overlap in the ranges of variation, all mean values in the SH sample (whether considering isolated bones, the upper or lower limb, males or females or more complete individuals) are larger than those of Neandertals. Given the strong relationship between long bone length and stature, we conclude that SH hominins represent a slightly taller population or species than the Neandertals. However, compared with living European Mediterranean populations, neither the Sima de los Huesos hominins nor the Neandertals should be considered ‘short’ people. In fact, the average stature within the genus Homo seems to have changed little over the course of the last two million years, since the appearance of Homo ergaster in East Africa. It is only with the emergence of H. sapiens, whose earliest representatives were ‘very tall’, that a significant increase in stature can be documented

An analytical study of a complete subadult clavicle of Homo antecessor (Gran Dolina Site, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain)

This study reports on the skeletal remains of an infant clavicle – specimen ATD6-37 – belonging to the Homo antecessor species, unearthed at Lower Pleistocene level TD6 of the Gran Dolina site (Sierra de Atapuerca). Studied alongside a further adult specimen – ATD6-50 –, they provide us with significant information on two key paleobiological aspects of these early humans: body shape and development. Based on the analytical results, the paper proposes a more accurate proportional method for determining age at death is applied to the fossilized infant clavicle under study. It goes on to hypothesize on postcranial growth and body shape and discusses morphological patterns and age at death of these early humans through comparisons with a wide range of infant dental samples and clavicular specimens in early and modern humans

Fossil hominin radii from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)

Complete radii in the fossil record preceding recent humans and Neandertals are very scarce. Here we introduce the radial remains recovered from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) site in the Sierra de Atapuerca between 1976 and 2011 and which have been dated in excess of 430 ky (thousands of years) ago. The sample comprises 89 specimens, 49 of which are attributed to adults representing a minimum of seven individuals. All elements are described anatomically and metrically, and compared with other fossil hominins and recent humans in order to examine the phylogenetic polarity of certain radial features. Radial remains from SH have some traits that differentiate them from those of recent humans and make them more similar to Neandertals, including strongly curved shafts, anteroposterior expanded radial heads and both absolutely and relatively long necks. In contrast, the SH sample differs from Neandertals in showing a high overall gracility as well as a high frequency (80%) of an anteriorly oriented radial tuberosity. Thus, like the cranial and dental remains from the SH site, characteristic Neandertal radial morphology is not present fully in the SH radii. We also analyzed the cross-sectional properties of the SH radial sample at two different levels: mid-shaft and at the midpoint of the neck length. When standardized by shaft length, no difference in the mid-shaft cross-sectional properties were found between the SH hominins, Neandertals and recent humans. Nevertheless, due to their long neck length, the SH hominins show a higher lever efficiency than either Neandertals or recent humans. Functionally, the SH radial morphology is consistent with more efficient pronation-supination and flexion-extension movements. The particular trait composition in the SH sample and Neandertals resembles more closely morphology evident in recent human males

Taphonomic skeletal disturbances in the Sima de los Huesos postcranial remains

The postcranial skeleton of fossil hominins is crucial for reconstructing the processes that occurred between the time of death and the recovery of the bones. Thousands of postcranial skeletal fragments from at least 29 hominin individuals have been recovered from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Spain. This study's primary objective is to address the main taphonomic features of the postcranial remains from the Sima de los Huesos sample, including antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem skeletal disturbances. We present an updated assessment of the bone surface modification analysis, the fracture pattern analysis, and the skeletal part representation to facilitate interpretation of the biostratinomic and fossil-diagenetic processes in this large paleoanthropological collection. We conclude that carnivores (probably bears) had limited access to the hominin bones and complete bodies were probably placed in the site.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEJunta de Castilla y LeónAtapuerca FoundationEuropean Research CouncilMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovacionFondo Social EuropeoAgencia Estatal de Investigaciónpu

Fossil hominin radii from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)

Complete radii in the fossil record preceding recent humans and Neandertals are very scarce. Here we introduce the radial remains recovered from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) site in the Sierra de Atapuerca between 1976 and 2011 and which have been dated in excess of 430 ky (thousands of years) ago. The sample comprises 89 specimens, 49 of which are attributed to adults representing a minimum of seven individuals. All elements are described anatomically and metrically, and compared with other fossil hominins and recent humans in order to examine the phylogenetic polarity of certain radial features. Radial remains from SH have some traits that differentiate them from those of recent humans and make them more similar to Neandertals, including strongly curved shafts, anteroposterior expanded radial heads and both absolutely and relatively long necks. In contrast, the SH sample differs from Neandertals in showing a high overall gracility as well as a high frequency (80%) of an anteriorly oriented radial tuberosity. Thus, like the cranial and dental remains from the SH site, characteristic Neandertal radial morphology is not present fully in the SH radii. We also analyzed the cross-sectional properties of the SH radial sample at two different levels: mid-shaft and at the midpoint of the neck length. When standardized by shaft length, no difference in the mid-shaft cross-sectional properties were found between the SH hominins, Neandertals and recent humans. Nevertheless, due to their long neck length, the SH hominins show a higher lever efficiency than either Neandertals or recent humans. Functionally, the SH radial morphology is consistent with more efficient pronation-supination and flexion-extension movements. The particular trait composition in the SH sample and Neandertals resembles more closely morphology evident in recent human males