Aspectos biológicos, comportamentais e seletividade à Encarsia hispida (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) em Bemisia tabaci biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) no algodoeiro

The cotton Gossypium hirsutum is a crop that plays a role in the Brazilian economic scenario. However, the presence of insect-pests such as whitefly Bemisia tabaci B-biotype in the cotton crop increases the costs of production in due to uses of pesticides. So, one measure to reduce this use is the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which involves a set of tactics where the biological control can be added. In this sense, we aimed to study the biological aspects and selectivity to Encarsia hispida, having as host B. tabaci B-biotype in two cotton cultivars. The search was realized in the Laboratory of Entomology of Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus II, Areia-PB. The study was developed addressing the aspects explained above, being divided in three articles. In the article I evaluated the biological development and parasitism of the parasitoid E. hispida in cotton cultivars. In the first experiment it was found that only female parasitoids with longevity of 24.61 and 22.61 days in „BRS H8 and „BRS Topázio‟, respectively, not differing statistically with each other. The period of biological cycle of egg to adult of the parasitoid was, numerically, 35.68 and 33.71 days in „BRS H8 and „BRS Topázio‟, respectively, not differing statistically. In the second experiment were found parasitism indexes of E. hispida around 34.33 and 29.63% in „BRS H8 and „BRS Topázio‟, respectively. The parasitoid develops satisfactorily in the two cotton cultivars. In the article II were evaluated the foraging behavior and flight test of the parasitoid E. hispida in laboratory conditions. In the first bioassay females were used to register the following variables: activity, speed and walking pattern, while in the second were used pupae of parasitoid close to emergence, where adults were classified as its position: flying, walking and no-flying. The activity, speed and walking pattern of the parasitoid showed no influences by the cotton cultivars. The parasitoid visited the quadrants of the leaves in large majority only once, totaling 112.2 quadrants in the cultivar „BRS Topázio‟. The insects classified as flying reached 79.17 and 77.85 in „BRS H8‟ and „BRS Topázio‟, respectively. In the article III we verified the toxicity effects of synthetic products to E. hispida where we applied a completely randomized design in factorial scheme. In the bioassays were used E. hispida in the pupal and adult stages, which were submitted to pulverization with the following chemical products: thiamethoxam, deltamethrin, imidacloprid e piriproxifen in the proportions 1.0 g L-1, 1.0 mL L-1, 4.0 mL L-1 e 2.5 mL L-1, respectively, being distilled water as treatment test. The insecticides thiametoxam and imidacloprid are harmless for pupal stage, however, the same are harmless to E. hispida adult stage. The insecticides delthametrin and piriproxifen are harmless to the parasitoid E. hispida.O algodoeiro Gossypium hirsutum é uma cultura que desempenha um papel de destaque no âmbito econômico brasileiro. No entanto, a presença de pragas como a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B na cultura aumentam o custo de produção pelo aumento no número de aplicações de inseticidas. Com isso, uma forma para sua redução é adoção do Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) que envolve um conjunto de táticas onde o controle biológico pode está incluído. Neste sentido, objetivou-se estudar os aspectos biológicos e seletividade de Encarsia hispida tendo como hospedeiro B. tabaci biótipo B em duas cultivares do algodoeiro. A realização da pesquisa ocorreu no Laboratório de Entomologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus II Areia-PB. O estudo foi desenvolvido, abordando os aspectos acima explanados, sendo dividido em três artigos. No artigo I estudou-se o desenvolvimento biológico e parasitismo do parasitoide E. hispida em cultivares do algodoeiro. No primeiro experimento, constatou-se que houve apenas parasitoides fêmeas com longevidade, de 24,61 e 22,61 dias nas „BRS H8‟ e „BRS Topázio‟, respectivamente, não diferindo estatisticamente. O período do ciclo biológico do parasitoide de ovo a adulto foi de 35,68 e 33,71 dias nas „BRS H8‟ e „BRS Topázio‟, respectivamente, não diferindo entre si. Constataram-se índices de parasitismo de E. hispida de 34,33 e 29,63% nas „BRS H8‟ e „BRS Topázio‟, respectivamente. No artigo II avaliou-se o comportamento de forrageamento e teste de voo do parasitoide E. hispida em condições de laboratório. No primeiro bioensaio utilizou-se parasitoide fêmea para registro das seguintes variáveis: atividade, velocidade e padrão de caminhamento; enquanto no segundo foram utilizadas pupas do parasitoide próximo à emergência onde os adultos foram classificados conforme suas posições voadores, caminhadores e não voadores. A atividade, velocidade e padrão de caminhamento do parasitoide quando avaliados não foram influenciados nas duas cultivares do algodoeiro. O parasitoide visitou os quadrantes das folhas em grande maioria apenas uma vez, totalizando 112,2 quadrantes na cultivar BRS Topázio. Os insetos classificados em voadores atingiram 79,17 e 77,85 em „BRS H8‟ e „BRS Topázio‟, respectivamente. No artigo III verificou-se o efeito da toxicidade de produtos sintéticos a E. hispida onde foi aplicado delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial. Nos bioensaios foram utilizadas E. hispida nas fases de pupa e adulta, as quais foram submetidas à pulverização com os seguintes produtos químicos: tiametoxam, deltametrina, imidacloprido e piriproxifem, nas proporções de 1,0 g L-1, 1,0 mL L-1, 4,0 mL L-1 e 2,5 mL L-1, respectivamente, tendo água destilada como testemunha. Os inseticidas tiametoxam e imidacloprido são inócuos ao estágio de pupa, no entanto, os mesmos são nocivos à fase adulta de E. hispida. Os inseticidas deltametrina e piriproxifem são nocivos ao parasitoide E. hispida

PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF NATIVE FOREST SEEDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DIRECT SEEDING FOR RESTORATION OF CILIARY FOREST

Knowing the relationship between the physical and physiological characteristics of native forest seeds is essential for the successful recovery of riparian forests. Thus, the work was carried out to analyze the physical and physiological parameters of seeds of native forest species for use in the recovery of riparian forests by direct seeding. Were evaluated the physical quality (water content, mass, the weight of one thousand seeds, and the number of seeds per kilogram), morphometric characteristics (length, width, and thickness), and physiological quality in the laboratory (viability) of Cassia grandis L.f., Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong., Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., and Libidibia ferrea var. leiostachya (Benth.) LPQueiroz. The experiment in the field was implanted in a randomized block design (RBD) with four blocks, testing seeds treated to overcome the four species dormancy. The direct sowing was in 10 planting lines, each composed of 10 pits (30 x 30 x 30 cm), spaced 2.0 x 1.0 m. E. contortisiliquum seeds, despite having the highest values for physical and morphometric characteristics, and having a high percentage of germination, was the species with the lowest percentage of emergence in the field, being below G. ulmifolia, which has seeds of smaller size and weight, and L. ferrea var. leiostachya which, despite having low germination, was the second with the highest percentage of emergence. The study allowed us to observe that there was no direct relationship between the physical and physiological attributes of forest seeds and their ability to emerge

Aleurocanthus woglumi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Citrus: Opportunities and Challenges to Implement a Sustainable Management

Citrus BlackFly (CBF) always represented a threat to Brazil. The impact of the introduction in Brazil of the CBF has led to serious economic and environmental consequences. In this chapter, we will show relevant information on biological aspects, history of occurrence, and impact of CBF on Citrus in Brazil; data about dynamics populations and spatial distribution patterns and dependence will be presented. We are intending to emphasize in this chapter the main challenges and opportunities of some important tactics to promote sustainable management of CBF in citrus, such as: (i) biological control, (ii) chemical and others methods, and (iii) induced resistance

Análise da estrutura fitossociológica e diversidade florística da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea em um fragmento de caatinga no estado de Sergipe

The study of vegetation makes it possible to know its characteristics and state of conservation. Given this, the aim of this study was to analyze the phytosociological structure and the floristic diversity of the shrub-tree component in a fragment of Caatinga, in Porto da Folha, Sergipe. Vegetation sampling was performed using 25 plots of 20 x 20 m (400 m²). All shrubby-tree individuals with circumference at breast height (at 1.30m above ground level) ? 6.0 cm were identified and recorded, and the phytosociological structure and floristic diversity (Shannon-Wiener and Pielou evenness) were analyzed. The total density was 2,641 individuals/ha and the basal area, 15.52 m²/ha, being superior to other areas of Caatinga. The Shannon-Wiener (H') and Pielou (J') evenness indices were 2.4 nats/ind, respectively. and 0.62. Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud. represented 38.89% of the total density, being the second largest total basal area. The conservation status of the studied fragment allows its use as a control area for comparison with future studies on the Caatinga vegetation in Sergipe.El estudio de la vegetación permite conocer sus características y estado de conservación. Dado esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la estructura fitosociológica y diversidad florística del componente arbusto-árbol en un fragmento de Caatinga, en Porto da Folha, Sergipe. El muestreo de la vegetación se realizó utilizando 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m (400 m²). Se identificaron y registraron todos los árboles arbustivos con circunferencia a la altura del pecho (a 1,30 m sobre el nivel del suelo) ? 6,0 cm, y se analizaron la estructura fitosociológica y la diversidad florística (uniformidad de Shannon-Wiener y Pielou). La densidad total fue de 2.641 individuos/ha y el área basal, 15.52 m²/ha, siendo superior a otras áreas de Caatinga. Los índices de uniformidad de Shannon-Wiener (H ') y Pielou (J') fueron de 2,4 nats/ind, respectivamente. y 0,62. Bauhiniacheilantha (Bong.) Steud. representó el 38,89% de la densidad total, siendo la segunda mayor área basal total. El estado de conservación del fragmento estudiado permite su uso como área de control para su comparación con futuros estudios sobre la vegetación de Caatinga en Sergipe.O estudo da vegetação permite conhecer suas características e estado de conservação. Diante disto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a estrutura fitossociológica e a diversidade florística do componente arbustivo-arbóreo em um fragmento de Caatinga, no município de Porto da Folha, Sergipe. A amostragem da vegetação foi realizada por meio de 25 parcelas de 20 x 20 m (400 m²). Foram identificados e registrados todos os indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos com circunferência à altura do peito (a 1,30m do nível do solo) ? 6,0 cm e analisadas a estrutura fitossociológica e a diversidade florística (Shannon-Wiener e equabilidade de Pielou). A densidade total foi de 2.641 indivíduos/ha e a área basal, de 15,52 m²/ha, mostrando-se superiores a outras áreas de Caatinga. Os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H') e equabilidade de Pielou (J') foram, respectivamente, 2,4 nats/ind. e 0,62. Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud. representou 38,89% do total da densidade, sendo a segunda maior área basal total. O estado de conservação do fragmento estudado possibilita a sua utilização como uma área controle para comparação com futuros estudos sobre a vegetação de Caatinga em Sergipe

Physiological and sanitary quality of seeds of Dimorphandra gardneriana Tul. treated with essential oils

Dimorphandra gardneriana, popularly known as fava d’anta, is a medicinal species whose fruits and seeds are used in the manufacture of medicines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) and copaíba (Copaifera sp.) essential oils in antifungal treatment of seeds of D. gardneriana and their influence on physiological quality of the seeds. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design using seeds treated with different concentrations of copaiba and clove oils (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mL) and two controls—seeds were treated with distilled water or fungicide. The variables analyzed were: incidence of fungi in seeds in the first experiment and seed germination and vigor (first germination, length and dry mass of root and shoot of the seedlings) in the second one. The incidence of fungi of the genera Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp. in the seeds was elevated. The copaiba oil at the concentrations used did not satisfactorily reduce the incidence of fungi in the seeds of D. gardneriana, while the treatment of the seeds with clove oil at concentrations of 2.0 and 0.5 mL reduced the incidence of Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp., respectively. Seed germination and vigor increased at concentrations of 2 mL of clove oil and 1.25 mL of copaiba oil.Dimorphandra gardneriana, popularly known as fava d’anta, is a medicinal species whose fruits and seeds are used in the manufacture of medicines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) and copaíba (Copaifera sp.) essential oils in antifungal treatment of seeds of D. gardneriana and their influence on physiological quality of the seeds. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design using seeds treated with different concentrations of copaiba and clove oils (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mL) and two controls—seeds were treated with distilled water or fungicide. The variables analyzed were: incidence of fungi in seeds in the first experiment and seed germination and vigor (first germination, length and dry mass of root and shoot of the seedlings) in the second one. The incidence of fungi of the genera Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp. in the seeds was elevated. The copaiba oil at the concentrations used did not satisfactorily reduce the incidence of fungi in the seeds of D. gardneriana, while the treatment of the seeds with clove oil at concentrations of 2.0 and 0.5 mL reduced the incidence of Penicillium sp. and Rhizopus sp., respectively. Seed germination and vigor increased at concentrations of 2 mL of clove oil and 1.25 mL of copaiba oil

Proteins and isozymes electroforesis in seeds of Copaifera Langsdorffii Desf. (leguminosae caesalpinioideae) artificially aged

Electrophoresis has been used to aid the evaluation of physiological seed quality of forest species, as isozymes provide fast responses. Seeds of copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) were artificially aged for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, in a germination chamber (42º C and 100% UR). The objective of this research was to evaluate possible changes in the electrophoretic patterns of proteins and isozymes during the artificial aging. The artificial aging reduced the germination and vigor of C. langsdorffii seeds, but vigor was affected faster than germination. The electrophoretic patterns showed no difference in the content of soluble and storage proteins, but for esterase and peroxidase isozymes there was reduction in the activity with aging.A eletroforese vem sendo utilizada com a finalidade de auxiliar a avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de espécies florestais, uma vez que respostas mais rápidas podem ser obtidas usando-se marcadores isoenzimáticos. Sementes de copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii) foram submetidas a diferentes tempos de envelhecimento artificial (0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas), em germinador (42 ºC e 100% de UR), tendo como objetivo avaliar as possíveis mudanças nos padrões eletroforéticos de proteínas e isoenzimas, decorrentes do envelhecimento artificial. O envelhecimento artificial ocasionou redução na germinação e vigor de sementes de C. langsdorffii, sendo o vigor afetado mais rapidamente. Em relação aos padrões eletroforéticos, não houve diferença significativa no conteúdo de proteínas solúveis e de armazenamento, mas, nas enzimas esterase e peroxidase, verificou-se redução na atividade destas, à medida que as sementes foram envelhecidas.Viços