The effect of ambient pressure on the heat transfer of a water spray

The present work is aimed at quantifying the effects of ambient pressure in the heat transfer at single injections of a full cone spray over a hot metal surface. The experimental configuration is that of a spray impinging down perpendicularly onto a flat surface located at 55 mm inside an injection chamber. The experiments were conducted for prescribed initial wall temperatures ranging from single phase to local nucleate boiling and transition regimes of heat transfer. Ambient pressures ranged from atmospheric to 30 bar. The analysis is based on spatial resolved measurements of the instantaneous surface temperature during the injection period. The measurements are then processed in order to obtain estimates of the time-averaged values of the local heat flux. The overall cooling rate is also obtained by integrating the local values within the total area of the spray impact Results show that the amount of heat extracted by the impinging spray increases 3.4 times when ambient pressure is increased from atmospheric to 20 bar at the same superheating degree at the wall of 45 degrees C. This corresponds to an increase from 13.3% to 47.7% in the ratio between the actual cooling and the theoretical maximum cooling, defined here as cooling efficiency. This is a result of a better spreading of the liquid film at the wall, covering a larger footprint upon impact. Instantaneous peak heat flux is also increased, as a clear indication of the improved heat transfer between the impinging droplets and the wall.The work presented herein derives from a broader research program devised to develop a system for in cylinder cooling of internal combustion engines using high pressure water sprays produced by gasoline direct injectors.The authors would like to acknowledge LiquidPiston INC. for providing all the laboratorial conditions to perform the experiments, MEtRICs - Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Centre (UID/EMS/04077/2019), and Diogo Ferreira for aiding in the highspeed visualization setup and experiments. T. Costa is supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the PhD grant PD/BD/105929/2014, MIT Portugal Program, and F.P. Brito is supported by FCT under the Post doctoral grant SFRH/BPD/89553/2012 and J. Martins is supported by the FCT grant SFRH/BSAB/142994/2018, financed by FEDER funds through Programa Operacional Fatores de Competitividade - COMPETE and National funds through PIDDAC and FCT

Evaluation Of The Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Candesartan Cilexetil And Felodipine

The study was performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction of test formulation of candesartan 16 mg tablet and felodipine extended release 5 mg tablet together in a combination package, comparing with the fasting period intake of commercial formulations of both Atacand® 16 mg tablet and Splendil® extended release 5 mg tablet (Test formulation and reference formulation from AstraZeneca, Brazil) in 36 volunteers of both sexes. The study was conducted open with randomized three period crossover design and a one week wash out period. The candesartan and felodipine were analyzed by LC-MS-MS. The mean ratio of parameters Cmax and AUC0-t and 90% confidence intervals of correspondents were calculated to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction. Geometric mean of candesartan exposure together in a combination package felodipine individual percent ratio was 102.51% AUC0-t and 110.40% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 90.00 - 116.77% and 93.94 - 129.74%, respectively. Geometric mean of felodipine exposure together in a combination package candesartan individual percent ratio was 102.69% AUC0-t and 96.17% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 89.46 - 117.88% and 82.07 - 112.69%, respectively. The major variable in this respect, AUC, was not signicantly affected by felodipine and candesartan with concomitant administration. The Cmax of candesartan was not signicantly affected by co-administration of felodipine. Based on these data and in presence in the market of isolated candersatana and felodipino formularizations used in combination in medical practice, it is concluded that there are no risk with concomitant administration between felodipine and candesartan.© 2011 Abib Jr E, et al.31510Blyckert, E., Wingstrand, K., Edgar, B., Lidman, K., Plasma concentration profiles® and antihypertensive effect of conventional and extended release felodipine tablets (1990) Br J Clin Pharmacol, 29, pp. 39-45Blychert, E., Edgar, B., Elmfeldt, D., Hedner, T., A population study of the pharmacokinetics of felodipine (1991) Blood Press, 31, pp. 15-24Blychert, E., Felodipine pharmacokinetics and plasma concentration vs effect relationships (1992) Blood Press, 2, pp. 1-30Dahlöf, B., Andersson, O.K., A felodipine-metoprolol extended-release tablet: Its properties and clinical development (1995) J Hum Hypertens, 9, pp. 43-47Dunselman, P.H., Edgar, B., Felodipine clinical pharmacokinetics (1991) Clin Pharmacokinet, 21, pp. 418-430Edgar, B., Regardh, C., Lundborg, G., Romare, P.S., Nyberg, G., Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic studies of felodipine in healthy subjects after various single, oral and intravenous doses (1987) Biopharm. Drug Dispos, 8, pp. 235-248Eriksson, M., Nyberg, G., Lidman, K., Aiming for steady 24-hour plasma concentrations: A comparison of two calcium antagonist and beta-blocker combinations (1993) Blood Press Suppl, 1, pp. 16-21Gleiter, C.H., Morike, K.E., Clinical pharmacokinetics of candesartan (2002) Clin Pharmacokinet, 41, pp. 07-17Gradman, A.H., Lewin, A., Bowling, B.T., For the candesartan versus losartan efficacy comparison (CANDLE) study group. Comparative effects of candesartan cilexetil and losartan in patients with systemic hypertension (1999) Heart Dis, 1, pp. 52-57Hallin, L., Andren, L., Hansson, L., Controlled trial of nifedipine and bendroflumethiazide in hypertension (1983) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 5, pp. 1083-1085Hansson, L., Zanchetti, A., Carruthers, S.G., Effects of intensive bloodpressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: Principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial (1998) Lancet, 351, pp. 1755-1762Hedner, T., Sjogren, E., Elmfeldt, D., Antihypertensive effects and pharmacokinetics of felodipine combined with a,-blocker and, a diuretic (1987) J Cardiovasc Pharmac, 10, pp. 177-184Ikechi, G.O., Brian, L.R., Update on the role of candesartan in the optimal management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk reduction (2010) Integrated Blood Pressure Control, 3, pp. 45-55Kloner, R.A., Weinberger, M., Pool, J.L., For the comparison of candesartan and amlodipine for safety, tolerability and efficacy (CASTLE) study investigators. Comparative effects of candesartan cilexetil and amlodipine in patients with mild systemic hypertension (2001) Am J Cardiol, 87, pp. 727-731Little, W.C., Cheng, C.P., Elvelin, L., Vascular selective calcium entry blockers in the treatment of cardiovascuolar disorders: Focus on felodipine. Cardiovasc (1995) Drugs Ther, 9, pp. 657-663Maccarthy, E.P., Dihydropyridines and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists as combination treatment in hypertension (1987) J Hypertens, 5, pp. 133-137Macconnachie, A.M., Maclean, D., Low dose combination antihypertensive therapy: Additional efficacy without additional adverse effects (1995) Drug Saf, 12, pp. 85-90Mann, S.J., Gerber, L.M., Low-dose alpha/beta blockade in the treatment of essential hypertension (2001) Am J Hypertens, 14, pp. 553-558Matheson, A.J., Cheer, S.M., Goa, K.L., Perindopril/indapamide 2/0.625 mg/ day: A review of its place in the management of hypertension (2001) Drugs, 61, pp. 1211-1229McFayden, R.J., Reid, J.L., Angiotensin receptor antagonists as a treatment for hypertension (1994) J Hypertens, 12, pp. 1333-1338Melian, E.B., Jarvis, B., Candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide combination: A review of its use in hypertension (2002) Drugs, 62, pp. 787-816Messerli, F.H., Combination therapy in hypertension (1992) J HumHypertens, 6, pp. 19-21Messerli, F.H., Chander, K., Cardiac effects of combination therapy in hypertension (2000) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 35, pp. 17-22Michalewicz, L., Messerli, F.H., Cardiac effects of calcium antagonists in systemic hypertension (1997) Am J Cardiol, 79, pp. 39-46Morgan, T., Anderson, A.A., Comparison of candesartan, felodipine, and their combination in the treatment of elderly patients with systolic hypertension (2002) Am J Hypertens, 15, pp. 544-549Morimoto, S., Ogibara, T., TCV-116: A new angiotensin n type-1 receptor antagonist (1994) Cardiovasc Drug Rev, 12, pp. 153-164Muller, J.E., Circadian variation in cardiovascular events (1999) AM J Hypertens, 12, pp. 35-42Nalbantgil, I., Önder, R., Kiliccioglu, B., Turkoglu, C., Combination therapy with verapamil and nitrendipine in patients with hypertension (1993) J Hum Hypertens, 7, pp. 305-308Nalbantgil, I., Önder, R., Nalbantgil, S., Sustained-release verapamil and trandolapril, alone and in combination, in the treatment of obese hypertensive patients: A double-blind pilot study (1996) Curr Ther Res Clin Exp, 57, pp. 990-997Nalbantgil, S., Nalbantgil, I., Önder, R., Clinically additive effect between doxazosin and amlodipine in the treatment of essential hypertension (2000) Am J Hypertens, 13, pp. 921-926Neutel, J.M., Low-dose antihypertensive combination therapy: Its rationale and role in cardiovascular risk management (1999) Am J Hypertens, 12, pp. 73-79Nishikawa, K., Naka, T., Chatani, F., Yoshimura, Y., Candesartan cilexetil: A review of its preclinical pharmacology (1997) J Human Hypertens, 11, pp. 9-17O'Brien, E.T., Mackinnon, J., Propranolol and polythiazide in the treatment of hypertension (1972) Br Heart J, 34, pp. 1042-1044Oparil, S., Levine, J.H., Zuschke, C.A., For the candesartan cilexetil study investigators. Effect of candesartan cilexetil in patients with severe systemic hypertension (1999) Am J Cardiol, 84, pp. 289-293Opie, L.H., Messerli, F.H., The choice of first-line therapy: Rationale for low-dose combinations of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic (2001) J Hypertens Suppl, 19, pp. 17-21Philipp, T., Letzel, H., Arens, H.J., Dose-finding study of candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild to moderate hypertension (1997) J Hum Hypertens, 11, pp. 67-68Plouin, P.F., Combination therapy with candesartan cilexetil plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients unresponsive to low-dose hydrochlorothiazide (1997) J Hum Hypertens, 11, pp. 65-66Prichard, B.N., Combined alpha and beta receptor inhibition in the treatment of hypertension (1984) Drugs, 28, pp. 51-68Roca-Cusachs, A., Torres, F., Horas, M., Nitrendipine and enalapril combination therapy in mild to moderate hypertension: Assessment of doseresponse relationship by a clinical trial of factorial design (2001) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 38, pp. 840-849Saltiel, E., Ellrodt, A.G., Monk, J.P., A Review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in hypertension (1988) Drugs, 36, pp. 387-428Sanem, N., Mehdi, Z., Filiz, O., Bahar, B., Istemi, N., Remzi, O., Mustafa, A., Comparison of candesartan and felodipine alone and combined in the treatment of hypertension: A single-center, double-blind, randomized, crossover trial (2003) Current Therapeutic Research, 64, pp. 380-388Schulman, D.S., Flores, A.R., Tugoen, J., Antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular remodeling and improved diastolic function (1996) Am J Cardiol, 78, pp. 56-60Sever, P.S., Poulter, N.R., Calcium antagonists and diuretics as combined therapy (1987) J Hypertens Suppl, 5, pp. 123-126Shibouta, Y., Pharmacological profile of a highly potent and long-acting angiotensin II receptor antagonist, 2-ethoxy-l-[[2'-(lH-tetrazol-5-yl]biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]- lH-benzimidazoie-7-carboxylic acid (CV-11974) and its prodrug, (+)-l-(cyciohexyioxycarbonyloxy)-ethyl-2-ethoxy-l-[[2'(lH-tetrazol5yl)biphenyl-4-yl]-methyl]-lH-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate (TCV-116] (1993) Pharmacol Exp Ther, 266, pp. 114-120Siegl, P.K.S., Kivlighn, S.D., Broten, T.P., Pharmacology of angiotensin II receptor antagonists: Comparison with renin inhibitors and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (1994) Expert Opin Invest Drugs, 3, pp. 925-944Sleight, P., Cardiac benefits of ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists alone and in combination (1994) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 23, pp. 39-42Song, H., Bao, W., Wang, H., An, G., Feny, J., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., An, F., Effects of extended release felodipine on endothelial vasoactive substances in patients with essential hypertension (2008) Clin Chem Lab Med, 46, pp. 393-395Timmermans, P.B., Wong, P.C., Chiu, A.T., Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (1993) Pharmacol Rev, 45, pp. 205-251Walton, T., Symes, L.R., Felodipine and isradipine: New calcium-channelblocking agents for the treatment of hypertension (1993) Clin Pharm, 12, pp. 261-275Weir, M.R., The rationale for combination versus single-entity therapy in hypertension (1998) Am J Hypertens, 11, pp. 163-169Wingstrand, K., Abrahamsson, B., Edgar, B., Bioavailability from felodipine extended release tablets with deferent dissolution properties (1990) Int J Pharm, 60, pp. 151-156Yao, R., Cheng, X., Liao, Y.H., Molecular mechanisms of felodipine suppressing atheroscelerosis in high-cholesteroldiet apolipoprotein E-knockout mice (2008) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 51, pp. 188-195Yedinak, K.C., Lopez, L.M., Felodipine: A new dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist (1991) DICP, 25, pp. 1193-120

Identification of a mosaic non-inherited small supernumerary ring chromosome 2: cytogenetic-molecular studies and genotype-phenotype correlation

Introduction: The identification of supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) derived from all the autosomes is currently possible, but rarely by conventional cytogenetics alone. Supernumerary ring chromosomes (SRCs) account for about 10% of these cases. SRCs derived from chromosome 2 are unusual, and there are only a few cases reported in the literature. The severity of the phenotype depends on the type of the mosaicism, the percentage of cells affected by the genetic change and the chromosome involved. Methods: The authors report the case of a boy aged 8 referred for cytogenetic studies, presenting with behavior and learning problems, mental retardation with uncoordenated speech, attention deficit and hyperactivity (PHDA), as well as small slanting palpebral fissures. The karyotype was obtained from peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures using high resolution GTL banding and standard techniques. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed using specific probes for the centromeric regions of all chromosomes (Chromoprobe Multiprobe - ISystem). Results: Cytogenetic analysis revealed two cell lines: one with a supernumerary marker ring chromosome, 47,XY,+r (52%), and a normal cell line, 46,XY (48%). The SRC was identified by FISH with the chromosome 2 centromeric probe. Since the parents had normal karyotypes, this abnormality was “de novo”. Final karyotype of the proband was: mos 47,XY,+r[26]/46,XY[24].ish r(2)(D2Z2+)dn. Discussion: The clinical description of this patient is in agreement with other reports of the literature. Molecular characterization by FISH analyses is an useful way of investigating the presence of euchromatin contained in a SMC and establishing new chromosomal syndromes. However, to better characterize this ring, in order to establish a more accurate genotype-phenotype correlation, more studies involving other technologies should be performed, thus allowing suitable genetic counsellin

Efficiency improvement of vehicles using temperature controlled exhaust thermoelectric generators

One of the main obstacles for the use of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in vehicles is the highly variable thermal loads typical of driving cycles. Under these conditions it will be virtually impossible for a conventional heat exchanger to avoid both thermal dilution under low thermal loads and TEG overheating under high thermal loads. The authors have been exploring an original heat exchanger concept able to address the aforementioned problems. It uses a variable conductance thermosiphon-based phase-change buffer between the heat source and the TEGs so that a nearly constant, optimized temperature is obtained regardless of operating conditions. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the thermal control feature of the system is unique among existing TEG concepts. The novelty of the present work is the actual computation of operating pressure and temperature and the corresponding vaporization and condensation rates inside the thermosiphon system during driving cycles along with the assessment of the influence of the volumes and pre-charge pressure on electrical output. The global energy and emission savings were also computed for a typical yearly driving profile. It was observed that indeed the concept has unparalleled potential for improving the efficiency of vehicles using TEGs, with around 6% fuel and CO2 emissions savings using the system. This seems a breakthrough for such light duty applications since the efficiency of conventional (passive) systems is strongly deprecated by thermal dilution under low thermal loads and the need to by-pass high thermal load events to avoid overheating. On the contrary, the present concept allows the control of the hot face temperature of the TEGs even under highly variable thermal load (i.e. driving cycle) environments.This work had the support of Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, Project Exhaust2Energy (PTDC/EMS-ENE/3009/2014). MEtRICs - Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Centre (UID/EMS/04077/2019), sabbatical grant (J. Martins) SFRH/BSAB/142994/2018, Post-doctoral grant (F.P. Brito) SFRH/BPD/89553/2012 and M-ERA.NET Project THERMOSS, financed by FEDER funds through P.O. F.C. - COMPETE and National funds through PIDDAC

Diagnóstico Citogenético em Líquidos Amnióticos Realizado entre 2000-2011 no Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães, INSA, IP

Introdução: O diagnóstico pré-natal citogenético efetuado em líquido amniótico é um método seguro e fiável para deteção de anomalias cromossómicas fetais, sendo habitualmente realizado a partir das 15 semanas de gestação. Obtêm-se resultados, em média, após 8-10 dias de cultura dos amniócitos. Objectivo: Apresentar a estatística dos resultados obtidos na análise citogenética de líquidos amnióticos realizada na Unidade de Citogenética do Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães entre 2000 e 2011, comparando-os com o descrito na literatura. Material e métodos: Entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2011 foram processados 10149 líquidos amnióticos. Os motivos para a realização da amniocentese foram, nomeadamente, idade materna avançada, anomalias ecográficas, marcadores ecográficos, rastreio bioquímico positivo, familiares com anomalias cromossómicas e risco de doença monogénica. Foram realizadas culturas de amniócitos de acordo com as técnicas convencionais de citogenética e os cromossomas identificados com bandas GTG ou GTL. Sempre que necessário efetuaram-se estudos de citogenética molecular (FISH) com as sondas adequadas ao esclarecimento do caso. Resultados: A análise revelou 342 cariótipos anormais (3,4%) dos quais 234 tinham anomalias numéricas e 108 estruturais. Os Síndromes de Down, de Edwards e de Turner foram as anomalias mais frequentes. Vinte e três culturas não cresceram, representando uma percentagem de 0,2% de insucesso. Conclusões: Os autores correlacionam os resultados obtidos com as indicações clínicas fornecidas e comparam-nas com o descrito na literatura. O presente estudo poderá ser utilizado para o estabelecimento de uma base de dados a nível nacional

Energy Resolution studies for NEXT

This work aims to present the current state of simulations of electroluminescence (EL) produced in gas-based detectors with special interest for NEXT --- Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC. NEXT is a neutrinoless double beta decay experiment, thus needs outstanding energy resolution which can be achieved by using electroluminescence. The process of light production is reviewed and properties such as EL yield and associated fluctuations, excitation and electroluminescence efficiencies, and energy resolution, are calculated. An EL production region with a 5 mm width gap between two infinite parallel planes is considered, where a uniform electric field is produced. The pressure and temperature considered are 10 bar and 293 K, respectively. The results show that, even for low values of VUV photon detection efficiency, good energy resolution can be achieved: below 0.4 % (FWHM) at $Q_{\beta\beta}=$2.458 MeV

Performance And Economic Analysis Of Finished Lambs In Feedlot

This study aimed to evaluate animal performance and economic performance of feedlot crossbred lambs (Santa Inês+ - Suffolk) fed different diets based on hay from Cynodon dactylon genotypes, through the use of financial measures considering only the period of feedlot, without relating it to the complete management cycle. A total of 30 intact crossbred Suffolk lambs, identified with earrings, with an average age of 90 days and an average body weight of 21.5 kg were used in this study. Diets were formulated using as treatments a standard concentrate and hay of the Cynodon dactylon genotypes Jiggs, Vaquero, Tifton 68, Coast-Cross, Tifton 85 and Russell in a 60:40 forage-to-concentrate ratio. The treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. There were significant differences between diets in terms of total expenditure on food, and the highest values were obtained for the Jiggs genotype (BRL 48.96/animal). The animals fed diets based on Tifton 68 hay had a higher rate of return (2.16%) and profitability (34.63%) compared to the other diets. The use of diets based on Tifton 68 hay for feedlot lambs in the finishing phase brings higher economic returns compared to the remaining diets.37129330

Absorption of nutrients by grapevine under field conditions

From a well fertilized 7 years-old vineyard var. 'Niagara Rosada' (Vinis labrusca L. X Vitis vinifera L.). situated on an Entisol at country of Jundiaí, SP, Brazil, plants were harvested every fifteen days up to 150 days. The plants were divided into: terminal and basal leaves, terminal and basal shoots, and canes, as well grapes. The plant material was analysed by conventional methods for B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The research was conducted in order: a. to obtain data on the absorption and distribution of the nutrients by the grapevine; b. to obtain data on the exportation of nutrients by the shoots and by the grapes. Conclusions: The leaves present always a higher concentration in nutrients than the other parts of the plant. The leaves, shoots and grapes present different concentrations of the nutrients during the year. The maximum absorption by the leaves, shoots and grapes in mg per plant was observed at the following age (days): The grapevine exported by shoots (pruned) and by grapes the following quantities of nutrients in mg per plant: A vineyeard of 5,000 plants per hectare contains the following quantitites of nutrients: B = 145.45 g.; Cu = 33.60 g.; Fe = 588.85 g.; Mn = 4,093,35 g.; Za = 373.30 g.Ensaio foi conduzido com viderias da cultivar 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca L. X Vitis vinifera L.) com 7 anos de idade, no município de Jundiaí, SP, (23°12' de latitude sul e 46°33' de longitude oeste e 715 m de altitude), situadas sobre um Regossolo unidade Currupira, com os objetivos de: (1) determinar as quantidades de nutrientes absorvidos pela videira nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento; (2) avaliar a exportação de nutrientes pela cultura durante um ciclo vegetativo. Após a brotação da videira, foram realizadas 17 coletas quinzenais de material. Foram coletadas e separadas as folhas das partes terminal e basal, sarmentos das partes terminal e basal e cachos. No material coletado foram determinados os teores de micronutrientes, com exceção do molibdênio e cloro. Curvas representativas das concentraçoes dos nutrientes nas partes da planta, em função da idade, foram obtidas a partir dos dados calculados através de equações de regressão. Pelos pontos de máximo estimaram-se as quantidades máximas de nutrientes extraídos. Concluiu-se que: - A concentração dos nutrientes é sempre maior nas folhas do que nos sarmentos e existem diferenças nas concentrações de nutrientes das folhas, sarmentos e cachos, em função da idade. - Os acúmulos máximos de nutrientes nas folhas, sarmentos e cachos ocorrem nas seguintes idades: - A exportação de nutrientes em mg por planta pelos cachos e sarmentos removidos pelas colheitas e poda é a seguinte

Acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e enxofre pela videira (Vitis labrusca L. X Vitis vinifera L.) cv. 'Niágara rosada', durante um ciclo vegetativo

Plant material from a well fertilized 7 years-old vineyard var. 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca L. X Vitis vinifera L.), situated on an Entisol at country of Jundiai, SP, Brazil, was harvested every fifteen days up to 150 days. The plants were divided into: terminal and basal leaves, terminal and basal shoots, and canes, as well grapes. The plant material was analysed by conventional methods for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S. The research was conducted in order: a. to obtain information on the accumulation of dry matter, during a period of one year; b. to obtain data on the absorption and distribuition of the nutrients by the grapevine; c. to obtain data on the exportation of nutrients by the shoots and by the grapes. Conclusions : The maximum accumulation of the dry matter took place at the age of 148 days. The leaves present always a higher concentration in nutrients than the other parts of the plant. The leaves, shoots and grapes present different concentration of the nutrients during the year. The maximun absorption by the leaves, shoots and grapes in mg per plant was observed at the following age (days): The grapevine exported by shoots (pruned) and by grapes the following quantities of nutrients in mg per plant: A vineyeard of 5.000 plants per hectare content the following quantities of nutrients: N: 90.85 kg; P:28.40 kg; K: 97.60 kg; Ca: 41.20 kg; Mg: 8.10 kg; S: 9.30 kg.Ensaio foi conduzido com videiras de cultivar 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca L. X Vitis vinifeva L.) com 7 anos de idade, no município de Jundiaí, SP (23°12' de latitude sul e 46º33' de longitude oeste e 715 m de altitude), situadas sobre um Regossolo unidade Currupira, com os objetivos de: (1) analisar o crescimento (produção de materia seca); (2) determinar as quantidades de nutrientes absorvidos pela videira nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e (3) avaliar a exportação de nutrientes pela cultura durante o ciclo vegetativo. Após a brotação da videira, foram realizadas 17 coletas quinzenais de material. Foram coletadas e separadas as folhas das partes terminal e basal, sarmentos das partes terminal e basal e cachos. No material coletado foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Curvas representativas dos acúmulos de matéria seca e das concentrações dos nutrientes nas partes da planta, em função da idade, foram obtidas a partir dos dados calculados através de equações de regressão. Pelos pontos de máximo estimaram-se a produção maxima de matéria seca e as quantidades de nutrientes extraídos. Conclui-se que: . A produção maxima de materia seca ocorre aos 148 dias. . A concentração dos nutrientes é sempre maior nas folhas do que nos sarmentos e existem diferenças nas concentrações de nutrientes das folhas, sarmentos e cachos, em função da idade. . Os acúmulos máximos de nutrientes nas folhas, sarmentos e cachos ocorrem nas seguintes idades

Análise comparativa entre os métodos de planejamento convencional e virtual 3D em cirurgia ortognática

O diagnóstico e o planejamento são as fases mais importantes da cirurgia ortognática, uma vez que são eles que vão definir a posição dos ossos gnáticos durante a cirurgia, implicando significativamente no que diz respeito a funcionalidade do aparelho estomatognático e também na estética facial. Por muito tempo, o método convencional de planejamento foi aplicado às cirurgias ortognáticas, contando com fase clínica de moldagens e arco facial, bem como uma fase importante de traçados de previsão cirúrgica e cirurgias de modelos, ambos “feitos a mão” e necessitando de grande tempo clínico e laboratorial. Entretanto, com os adventos tecnológicos, muitos cirurgiões optaram pela utilização do planejamento virtual 3D que eliminou toda a fase manual do processo, o que causou grandes questionamentos no cenário cirúrgico da odontologia. Tendo em vista os questionamentos serem pertinentes entre esses dois métodos citados de planejamento cirúrgico, o objetivo deste trabalho científico foi comparar a acurácia/precisão do planejamento virtual 3D sobre o método convencional em um caso clínico conduzido com os dois métodos. Através de sobreposição das imagens planejadas e as mudanças reais após a cirurgia foi possível observar as características de cada método. O planejamento cirúrgico virtual 3D apresentou-se preciso na previsão das mudanças esqueléticas, entretanto, a perspectiva tegumentar mais próxima do resultado real foi obtida através da predicção manual, o que sugeriu falha nos algoritmos de partes moles.   Palavras-chave: Planejamento virtual.   Ortognática.   Planejamento convencional. &nbsp