Місце та роль КНР в інтеграційних процесах в Східній Азії. (POSITION AND ROLE OF PRC IN INTEGRATION PROCESS IN EASTERN ASIA.)

Стаття присвячена інтеграційним процесам в Східній Азії та місцю і ролі в них КНР, яка претендує на лідерство в регіоні за економічними та політичними впливами. (The article is devoted to the integration process in East Asia and the place and the role of The People’s Republic of China, which claims to be a leader in the region’s economic and political infuence.

Проєктування і розроблення ігрового додатку для вивчення Python

This article explores the design of a Python learning game application, presenting outcomes in meeting its objectives. The study involves an analysis of various experiences in game-based learning, leading to the substantiation of requirements and the development of a model for the application. The authors identified the basic requirements for a game application, such as relevance to educational objectives, incorporation of game mechanics, the ability to write and debug code in the application, individualized passing of the game, and the ability to report and rate learning outcomes of students. The authors identified the basic requirements for a game application, such as relevance to educational objectives, incorporation of game mechanics, the ability to write and debug code in the application, individualized passing of the game, and the ability to report and rate learning outcomes of students. Unity3D emerges as the chosen engine following comparative analysis, considering graphic development, interaction, and user-friendliness. The authors of the article described their own experience in developing the PythonLeaner game. The designing process of this game emphasises the incorporation of game elements with both test and open-ended tasks to enhance programming education. The paper contains some fragments of the game workspace and code of a gaming application. The PythonLeaner’s game limitations of the game and further directions for overcoming them for improving the application are indicated.У статті досліджується дизайн ігрової програми для навчання Python, представлені результати досягнення її цілей. Дослідження передбачає аналіз різноманітного досвіду ігрового навчання, що призводить до обґрунтування вимог і розробки моделі для застосування. Автори визначили основні вимоги до ігрової програми, такі як відповідність освітнім цілям, включення ігрової механіки, здатність писати та налагоджувати код у програмі, індивідуальне проходження гри, а також здатність повідомляти та оцінювати результати навчання студентів. Автори визначили основні вимоги до ігрової програми, такі як відповідність освітнім цілям, включення ігрової механіки, здатність писати та налагоджувати код у програмі, індивідуальне проходження гри, а також здатність повідомляти та оцінювати результати навчання студентів. Unity3D стає обраним двигуном після порівняльного аналізу, враховуючи графічну розробку, взаємодію та зручність для користувача. Автори статті описали власний досвід розробки гри PythonLeaner. Процес розробки цієї гри наголошує на об’єднанні ігрових елементів як із тестовими, так і з відкритими завданнями для покращення навчання програмуванню. Стаття містить деякі фрагменти ігрової робочої області та коду ігрового додатку. Вказано ігрові обмеження гри PythonLeaner і подальші напрямки їх подолання для покращення програми

Chemotactic response and adaptation dynamics in Escherichia coli

Adaptation of the chemotaxis sensory pathway of the bacterium Escherichia coli is integral for detecting chemicals over a wide range of background concentrations, ultimately allowing cells to swim towards sources of attractant and away from repellents. Its biochemical mechanism based on methylation and demethylation of chemoreceptors has long been known. Despite the importance of adaptation for cell memory and behavior, the dynamics of adaptation are difficult to reconcile with current models of precise adaptation. Here, we follow time courses of signaling in response to concentration step changes of attractant using in vivo fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. Specifically, we use a condensed representation of adaptation time courses for efficient evaluation of different adaptation models. To quantitatively explain the data, we finally develop a dynamic model for signaling and adaptation based on the attractant flow in the experiment, signaling by cooperative receptor complexes, and multiple layers of feedback regulation for adaptation. We experimentally confirm the predicted effects of changing the enzyme-expression level and bypassing the negative feedback for demethylation. Our data analysis suggests significant imprecision in adaptation for large additions. Furthermore, our model predicts highly regulated, ultrafast adaptation in response to removal of attractant, which may be useful for fast reorientation of the cell and noise reduction in adaptation.Comment: accepted for publication in PLoS Computational Biology; manuscript (19 pages, 5 figures) and supplementary information; added additional clarification on alternative adaptation models in supplementary informatio

RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications.

The term 'extracellular vesicles' refers to a heterogeneous population of vesicular bodies of cellular origin that derive either from the endosomal compartment (exosomes) or as a result of shedding from the plasma membrane (microvesicles, oncosomes and apoptotic bodies). Extracellular vesicles carry a variety of cargo, including RNAs, proteins, lipids and DNA, which can be taken up by other cells, both in the direct vicinity of the source cell and at distant sites in the body via biofluids, and elicit a variety of phenotypic responses. Owing to their unique biology and roles in cell-cell communication, extracellular vesicles have attracted strong interest, which is further enhanced by their potential clinical utility. Because extracellular vesicles derive their cargo from the contents of the cells that produce them, they are attractive sources of biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Furthermore, studies demonstrating phenotypic effects of specific extracellular vesicle-associated cargo on target cells have stoked interest in extracellular vesicles as therapeutic vehicles. There is particularly strong evidence that the RNA cargo of extracellular vesicles can alter recipient cell gene expression and function. During the past decade, extracellular vesicles and their RNA cargo have become better defined, but many aspects of extracellular vesicle biology remain to be elucidated. These include selective cargo loading resulting in substantial differences between the composition of extracellular vesicles and source cells; heterogeneity in extracellular vesicle size and composition; and undefined mechanisms for the uptake of extracellular vesicles into recipient cells and the fates of their cargo. Further progress in unravelling the basic mechanisms of extracellular vesicle biogenesis, transport, and cargo delivery and function is needed for successful clinical implementation. This Review focuses on the current state of knowledge pertaining to packaging, transport and function of RNAs in extracellular vesicles and outlines the progress made thus far towards their clinical applications