Mast cells in peritoneal fluid in rats with experimentally induced peritoneal adhesions.

Mast cells (MC) produce, store and release many biologically active substances, especially inflammatory factors, chemotactic substances for neutrophiles, cytokines and prostaglandins. They play very important role in fibrinosis and they are an important factor in peritoneal adhesions formation and lysis. In this study we tried to evaluate role of mast cells in peritoneal adhesions formation. We estimated number of mast cells in peritoneal fluid in rats with experimentally developed peritoneal adhesions. The number of mast cells per ml was counted in flow cytometry in specimens of peritoneal fluid taken from operated rats. The fluid was taken in standardized conditions the same for each group at the first operation and during reoperation. Peritoneal cavity was washed with 0.9% Saline solution. MC were visualized using indirect immunohistochemical method LSAB with mouse antibody. The animals were divided into 4 groups. 1 st group was control group (n=20) on which the abdomen was opened and closed without any manipulations, and the reoperation was done after 72 hours. The other groups (2, 3, 4; n=20 for each group) were operated and scarification of the partial peritoneum and serosa was performed. The rats were brought back to conscious and then were reoperated respectively after 24, 72 and 168 hours after first surgery. After the laparotomy and damage of the peritoneum we observed formation of the peritoneal adhesions between intestine loops and between intestines and damaged parietal peritoneum. Also the higher number of mast cells was observed in the groups of animals with damaged peritoneum. The highest number of peritoneal adhesions was observed in the group of animals reoperated after 72 hours. After 72 and 168 hours the higher number of MC and neutrophils was observed. The difference was statistically significant. The percentage of mast cells was increasing during the experiment duration. It was different from other cells populations which decreased after 168 hours. The MC and neutrophils were cell population which changed significantly after manipulations in peritoneal cavity. It is very probable that they play an important role in peritoneal adhesions formation

Гетероциклізація або реакції каплінгу: випадок ДНК-кодованих бібліотек

Aim. DNA-encoded libraries technologies (DELT) are gradually becoming an important part of standard drug discovery toolbox. DELT is looking to find its place between classic low-molecular-weight drug candidates on the one hand, and high-molecular-weight antibodies and peptides on the other hand. On its natural path to overcoming the “childhood diseases” typical for every novel technology, DELT has reached a point where the chemical diversity of DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) becomes an important factor to look out for. In this paper, we aim to take a closer look at the chemical diversity of DELs in their present state and find the ways to improve it.Results and discussion. We have identified the DEL-viable building blocks from the Enamine Ltd. stock collection, as well as from Chemspace Ltd. virtual collection, using the SMARTS set, which takes into account all the necessary structural restrictions. Using modern cheminformatics tools, such as Synt-On, we have analyzed the scaffold diversity of both stock and virtual core bi- and tri-functional building blocks (BBs) suitable for DNA-tolerant reactions. The identification of scaffolds from the most recently published on-DNA heterocyclization reactions and analysis of their inclusion into the existing BBs space have shown that novel DNA-tolerant heterocyclizations are extremely useful for expanding chemical diversity in DEL technologies.Conclusions. The analysis performed allowed us to recognize which functional groups should be prioritized as the most impactful when the new BBs are designed. It is also made clear that the development of new DNA-tolerant reactions, including heterocyclizations, have a significant potential to further expand DEL molecular diversity.Мета. Технології ДНК-кодованих бібліотек (DELT) поступово стають важливою частиною стандартного набору інструментів для пошуку нових лікарських субстанцій. Наразі DELT прагне знайти своє місце у просторі між класичними низькомолекулярними кандидатами у ліки з одного боку та високомолекулярними антитілами й пептидами з іншого. На своєму шляху до подолання «дитячих хвороб», характерних для кожної нової технології, DELT досягли того моменту, коли хімічна різноманітність ДНК-кодованих бібліотек (DEL) стає важливим фактором, на який варто звернути увагу. У цій статті ми прагнемо ближче розглянути хімічне різноманіття ДНК-кодованих бібліотек у їхньому поточному стані та знайти можливості для його покращення.Результати та їх обговорення. Ми визначили DEL-життєздатні будівельні блоки з наявної колекції Enamine Ltd., а також із віртуальної колекції Chemspace Ltd., використовуючи набір SMARTS, який враховує всі необхідні структурні обмеження. За допомогою таких сучасних інструментів хемоінформатики, як Synt-On, ми проаналізували різноманітність каркасів як уже синтезованих, так і віртуальних бі- та трифункціональних білдинг-блоків (BB), придатних для реакцій, у яких ДНК залишається інтактною. Ідентифікація молекулярних скафолдів, використовуваних у нещодавно опублікованих «on-DNA» реакціях гетероциклізації, та аналіз їх внесення до простору BB, який існує, засвідчили, що нові толерантні до ДНК гетероциклізації є надзвичайно корисними для розширення хімічної різноманітності в технологіях DEL.Висновки. Виконаний аналіз дозволив нам визначити, яким функціональним групам варто віддати пріоритет як найбільш впливовим у процесі дизайну нових BB. Також стало зрозуміло, що розвиток нових толерантних до ДНК реакцій, включаючи гетероциклізації, має значний потенціал для подальшого розширення молекулярного різноманіття DEL

Influence of Y2O3 and Fe2Y additions on the formation of nano-scale oxide particles and the mechanical properties of an ODS RAF steel

The main goal of this work was to manufacture an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) reduced activation ferritic steel from a pre-alloyed, gas atomised Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2Ti (in wt.%) powder mechanically alloyed with either 0.3%Y2O(3) or 0.5%Fe2Y particles and consolidated by hot isostatic pressing, and to investigate its microstructure, microhardness and Charpy impact properties

Mast cells in peritoneal fluid in rats with experimentally induced peritoneal adhesions.

Mast cells (MC) produce, store and release many biologically active substances, especially inflammatory factors, chemotactic substances for neutrophiles, cytokines and prostaglandins. They play very important role in fibrinosis and they are an important factor in peritoneal adhesions formation and lysis. In this study we tried to evaluate role of mast cells in peritoneal adhesions formation. We estimated number of mast cells in peritoneal fluid in rats with experimentally developed peritoneal adhesions. The number of mast cells per ml was counted in flow cytometry in specimens of peritoneal fluid taken from operated rats. The fluid was taken in standardized conditions the same for each group at the first operation and during reoperation. Peritoneal cavity was washed with 0.9% Saline solution. MC were visualized using indirect immunohistochemical method LSAB with mouse antibody. The animals were divided into 4 groups. 1 st group was control group (n=20) on which the abdomen was opened and closed without any manipulations, and the reoperation was done after 72 hours. The other groups (2, 3, 4; n=20 for each group) were operated and scarification of the partial peritoneum and serosa was performed. The rats were brought back to conscious and then were reoperated respectively after 24, 72 and 168 hours after first surgery. After the laparotomy and damage of the peritoneum we observed formation of the peritoneal adhesions between intestine loops and between intestines and damaged parietal peritoneum. Also the higher number of mast cells was observed in the groups of animals with damaged peritoneum. The highest number of peritoneal adhesions was observed in the group of animals reoperated after 72 hours. After 72 and 168 hours the higher number of MC and neutrophils was observed. The difference was statistically significant. The percentage of mast cells was increasing during the experiment duration. It was different from other cells populations which decreased after 168 hours. The MC and neutrophils were cell population which changed significantly after manipulations in peritoneal cavity. It is very probable that they play an important role in peritoneal adhesions formation

Review on the EFDA work programme on nano-structured ODS RAF steels

This proceeding is: The 14th International Conference on Fusion Reactor Materials (ICFRM-14) was held at the Sapporo Convention Center in Sapporo, Japan from 7 to 12 September 2009.The 2008─2009 work programme of the European research project on nano-structured oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) reduced activation ferritic (RAF) steels is being organized along the four following programmatic lines: (1) improve the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels; (2) start the industrial fabrication of the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels; (3) develop an optimised generation of nano-structured and nano-grained ODS RAF steels; (4) investigate the stability of present and optimised generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels under creep and irradiation. This paper presents the main objectives of current R&D activities being performed within the European research project on nano-structured ODS RAF steels, the main obtained results and the main future activities in the case of the four programmatic lines mentioned just above.This work, supported by the European Communities, was carried out within the framework of the European Fusion Development Agreement.Publicad

From materials development to their test in IFMIF: an overview

R&D activities on fusion reactor materials in Switzerland focus on (1) the development of advanced metallic materials for structural applications in plasma-facing (first wall, divertor) and breeding blanket components of the future fusion power reactors, in particular oxide dispersion strengthened reduced activation ferritic steels and tungsten-base materials, (2) the modelling of radiation damage and radiation effects and (3) small specimen test technology for the future International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility. The main objectives, examples of recent results and future activities are described in the case of these three R&D areas

Incorporation of Y2O3 Particles into 410L Stainless Steel by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Addition of yttria to steels has been proposed for the fabrication of oxide-dispersion-strengthened materials for nuclear power applications. We have investigated materials prepared from 12 Cr martensitic stainless steel, AISI 410L, produced by powder metallurgy. Materials were produced with and without yttria addition, and two different sizes of yttria were used, 0.9 µm and 50 nm. Tensile and mini-creep tests were performed to determine mechanical properties. Optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, and EDX analysis were used to investigate the microstructures and deformation mechanisms and to obtain information about non-metallic inclusion particles. SiO2, MnS, and Y2Si2O7 inclusion particles were observed. An SiO2 and Y2O3 interaction was seen to have occurred during the ball milling, which impaired the final mechanical properties. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments showed that the matrix chemistry prevented effective dissolution of the yttria. © The Author(s) 201

Serum AMH concentration as a marker evaluating gonadal function in boys operated on for unilateral cryptorchidism between 1st and 4th year of life

The aim of this study was to measure the serum AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone) concentrations in a group of boys with or without cryptorchidism, evaluation of karyotypes, testicular position, morphology, and major length of the undescended testes. Fifty boys who were 1–4 years old (median = 2.4 years) with unilateral cryptorchidism were evaluated. All of them underwent orchidopexy in 2010. Prior to the procedure, all of the subjects had undergone karyotyping to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Fifty healthy boys within the same age range (median = 2.1 years) admitted for planned inguinal hernia repair in 2010, served as controls. Blood samples were collected, while obtaining blood for standard laboratory tests routinely performed before the surgeries. Medians of AMH in boys with cryptorchidism were lower than in boys with inguinal hernia and differed significantly between two groups. Undescended testes were generally found in superficial inguinal pouch (n = 46), in two cases were noted to be in the external ring of the inguinal canal, and in another two instances, in the abdominal cavity. The major lengths of the undescended testes were smaller in comparison to the testes positioned normally (mean of 1 cm vs. a mean of 1.5 cm, respectively). In nine of the cases, the testes had turgor deficit, a drop shape, with epididymides that were small, dysplastic, and separated from the testis. The authors found that AMH was lower in boys with unilateral cryptorchidism (also found to have smaller testis) when compared with the control group