Panel II

Immemorial Cinema: Film, Travel, and the Poetics of Faulkner\u27s Space / Aaron Nyerges, University of Sydney Faulkner and Godard: Beyond Quotation / Allison M. Rittmayer, University of Florida A Man Alone. . . : Faulkner and the Masses / Stefan Matthew Solomon, University of New South Wale

Surveying viruses on ornamental trees and shrubs in two Hungarian botanical gardens and an arboretum

In Hungary the most common disease of fruit trees causing the most severe damages is Plum pox virus (PPV). This is why it is important to know other woody host plants that can be considered as source of infection. National surveys have been carried out since 2002 for revealing the distribution of PPV on ornamental and wild Prunus species.From 2005 this work has been extended to studying other viruses on other woody plants. In two botanical gardens and an arboretum we selected plants (species and varieties) showing virus symptoms among various thousands of woody plants and submitted them to indexing on woody and herbaceous indicators, as well as to testing with ELISA for the presence of the following 11 viruses occurring on woody plants: PPV, Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Cherry leafroll virus (CLRV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Apple chlorotic leafspot virus (ACLSV), Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV).Up to now, in 28 plant species and varieties, PPV, PDV, PNRSV, CLRV and ASPV have been detected so far. The presence of PPV was found in 9 species/varieties, such as Prunus cerasifera ’Pendula’, P. cerasifera ’Pissardii’, P. glandulosa, P. glandulosa ‘Alba Plena’, P. glandulosa ’Sinensis’, P. japonica, P. sogdiana, P. tomentosa (from Tibet) and P. x blireana.Seventeen species/varieties were found to be infected with PDV: Lonicera caucasica, L. maackii, L. sachalinensis, Prunus mume ’Omoi-no-mama’, P. salicina (from China), P. spinosa ’Plena’, P. spinosa ’Purpurea’, P. serrulata ’Amanogawa’, P. serrulata ’Ichiyo’, P. serrulata ’Pink Perfection’, P. serrulata ’Taihaku’, P. serrulata ’Yedo-sakura’, P. subhirtella ’Plena’, P. tenella, P. yedoensis, P. yedoensis ’Moerheimii’ and Syringa yunnanensis. Certain species/varieties infected with PDV were positive also for CLRV, such as P. spinosa ’Purpurea’, P. yedoensis, P. yedoensis ’Moerheimii’, P. subhirtella ’Plena’, P. serrulata ’Yedo-sakura’ and to ASPV: P. subhirtella ’Plena’ and P. serrulata ’Yedo-sakura’. PNRSV was detected in P. cerasifera ’ Nigra ’ and ’Hollywood’. The difference of symptoms provoked by PDV on herbaceous hosts suggests that various strains of this virus affect hosts, mainly yellow mottle disease described as a separate strain by Ramaswamy and Posnette on ornamental cherries in 1972. Molecular studies are in progress to confirm the above results. Keywords: ornamental trees and shrubs, virus symptoms, ELISA, Prunus, Lonicera, Syring

Comparison of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus isolates from Hungary and Slovenia

In 2006 and 2007 samples of grapevine and Rubus species were collected and analysed by DAS-ELISA to survey the presence of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) in Slovenia and Hungary. Seven varieties of raspberry from one Hungarian collection orchard were found to be infected. In Slovenia the presence of RBDV was confirmed only in three samples of wild Rubus. None of the 133 samples from different locations in Hungary proved to be infected with RBDV, although this virus is found to be widely distributed in grapevine in neighbouring Slovenia. Serological characterisation with three monoclonal antibodies (R2, R5 and D1) was performed on positive samples. Selected positive samples were partially sequenced. The results of serological and molecular analyses were compared with the analyses of raspberry and grapevine isolates obtained in Slovenia from other projects and published RBDV sequences from the GeneBank database to study the variability among hosts and locations. Isolates from grapevine grouped separately from the black raspberry isolate and all the red raspberry isolates. RBDV isolates from Hungarian samples formed a subgroup within red and black raspberry group.Keywords: RBDV, variability, Rubus, raspberry, grapevine, sequences, monoclonal antibodie

Animal Board Invited Review: Sheep birth distribution in past herds: a review for prehistoric Europe (6th to 3rd millennia BC)

In temperate latitudes sheep have a seasonal reproductive behaviour, which imposes strong constraints on husbandry in terms of work organization and availability of animal products. During the last 50 years, researchers have focused on understanding the mechanisms driving small ruminants’ reproduction cycles and finding ways to control them. This characteristic is inherited from their wild ancestor. However, the history of its evolution over the 10 millennia that separates present day European sheep from their Near Eastern ancestors’ remains to be written. This perspective echoes archaeologists’ current attempts at reconstructing ancient pastoral societies’ socio-economical organization. Information related to birth seasonality may be retrieved directly from archaeological sheep teeth. The methodology consists of reconstructing the seasonal cycle record in sheep molars, through sequential analysis of the stable oxygen isotope composition (δ 18O) of enamel. Because the timing of tooth development is fixed within a species, inter-individual variability in this parameter reflects birth seasonality. A review of the data obtained from 10 European archaeological sites dated from the 6th to the 3rd millennia BC is provided. The results demonstrate a restricted breeding season for sheep: births occurred over a period of 3 to 4 months, from late winter to early summer at latitudes 43°N to 48°N, while a later onset was observed at a higher latitude (59°N). All conclusions concurred with currently held expectations based on present day sheep physiology, which, aside from the historical significance, contributes to the reinforcing of the methodological basis of the approach. Further study in this area will permit regional variability attributable to technical choices, within global schemes, to be fully reported

New N-phenylpyrrolamide DNA gyrase B inhibitors: Optimization of efficacy and antibacterial activity

The ATP binding site located on the subunit B of DNA gyrase is an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial agents. In recent decades, several small-molecule inhibitor classes have been discovered but none has so far reached the market. We present here the discovery of a promising new series of N-phenylpyrrolamides with low nanomolar IC50 values against DNA gyrase, and submicromolar IC50 values against topoisomerase IV from Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus. The most potent compound in the series has an IC50 value of 13 nM against E. coil gyrase. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Gram-positive bacteria are in the low micromolar range. The oxadiazolone derivative with an IC50 value of 85 nM against E. coli DNA gyrase displays the most potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 1.56 mu M against Enterococcus faecalis, and 3.13 mu M against wild type S. aureus, methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). The activity against wild type E. coli in the presence of efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide (PA beta N) is 4.6 mu M. (C) 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved

Enzyme promiscuity shapes adaptation to novel growth substrates

<p>Evidence suggests that novel enzyme functions evolved from low-level promiscuous activities in ancestral enzymes. Yet, the evolutionary dynamics and physiological mechanisms of how such side activities contribute to systems-level adaptations are not well characterized. Furthermore, it remains untested whether knowledge of an organism's promiscuous reaction set, or underground metabolism, can aid in forecasting the genetic basis of metabolic adaptations. Here, we employ a computational model of underground metabolism and laboratory evolution experiments to examine the role of enzyme promiscuity in the acquisition and optimization of growth on predicted non-native substrates in Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655. After as few as approximately 20 generations, evolved populations repeatedly acquired the capacity to grow on five predicted non-native substrates-D-lyxose, D-2-deoxyribose, D-arabinose, m-tartrate, and monomethyl succinate. Altered promiscuous activities were shown to be directly involved in establishing high-efficiency pathways. Structural mutations shifted enzyme substrate turnover rates toward the new substrate while retaining a preference for the primary substrate. Finally, genes underlying the phenotypic innovations were accurately predicted by genome-scale model simulations of metabolism with enzyme promiscuity.</p