Perancangan Jaringan TV Kabel Untuk Mendukung Layanan Multimedia Di Desa sei Rangit

ABSTRAKSI: Kebutuhan akan sebuah layanan multimedia sebagai sumber informasi dan hiburan di Desa Sei Rangit hingga saat ini masih merupakan hal yang tidak murah dan mudah untuk dapat menikmatinya. Maka dibutuhkan adanya sebuah layanan TV Kabel sebagai solusi dari masalah yang ada sehingga masyarakat dapat menikmati suatu layanan multimedia dengan murah dan mudah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu perancangan jaringan koaksial tv kabel yang memenuhi standar.Untuk memperoleh sebuah perancangan jaringan koaksial yang memenuhi standar, dibutuhkan beberapa target yang perlu dipenuhi. Target-target tersebut berupa: mengetahui jumlah kanal yang dapat disediakan oleh jaringan koaksial, terpenuhinya kebutuhan level daya dipelanggan yaitu +3dBmV sampai dengan +12dBmv, diperolehnya estimasi biaya yang dibutuhkan jika perancangan ini akan dipasang, serta didapatkannya sebuah gambaran jaringan koaksial tv kabel yang mengandung seluruh informasi mengenai panjang kabel, panjang jalan, dan lain sebagainya.Maka sebagai langkah perancangan guna memperoleh hasil yang maksimal, dilakukan sebuah studi literature yang terdiri dari studi informasi mengenai data Desa Sei Rangit, studi dasar teori, serta studi lainnya yang mendukung dalam pengoptimalan terhadap perancangan yang dilakukan.Dari keseluruhan perancangan yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa perancangan ini siap untuk diimplementasikan melihat dari target-target perancangan yang telah tercapai. Diantarnya adalah: jumlah kanal yang dapat disediakan sebanyak 56 kanal dengan kebutuhan Bandwidth sebesar 423MHz, level daya dipelanggan sesuai standar EIA-23 yaitu +3dBmV sampai dengan +12dBmV, untuk estimasi biaya pemasangan sebesar Rp.204.885.000, serta telah memenuhi standar Telkom untuk performansi jaringan koaksial yaitu 46dB untuk CNR, 55dB untuk CSO, 54dB untuk CTB, dan 45dB untuk Xmod. Sehingga sinyal dipelanggan cukup sangat baik.Kata Kunci : Desa Sei Rangit, Jaringan Koaksial, Standar EIA-23, Standar Telkom, PerformansiABSTRACT: The need for a multimedia service as a source of information and entertainment on the village of Sei Rangit until today still is not cheap and easy to be able to enjoy it. Is required of a cable TV service as the solution of existing problems so that people can enjoy a multimedia service with cheap and easy. Therefore, we need a coaxial cable television network design that meets the standards.To obtain a design that meets the standard coaxial network, it takes several targets that need to be fulfilled. These targets include: to know the number of channels that can be provided by the coaxial network, the fulfillment of needs dipelanggan power level that is +3 to +12 dBmV dBmv, obtaining the estimated costs necessary if this scheme will be installed, as well as obtaining a picture of coaxial cable television network that contains all information regarding the length of the cord, a long road, et cetera.So as a design step in order to obtain maximum results, conducted a literature study comprising data from the study of information about the village of Sei Rangit, study basic theory, as well as other studies that support the optimization of the design is done.From the overall design, it could be concluded that this design is ready for implementation view of the design targets have been achieved. Diantarnya are: the number of channels that can be provided as many as 56 channels with bandwidth requirement of 423MHz, the power level dipelanggan standard EIA-23 is +3 dBmV to +12 dBmV, to estimate the cost of installation of Rp.204.885.000, as well as Telkom has met the standard for coaxial network performance for CNR is 46dB, 55dB for the CSO, 54dB for CTB, and 45dB for the XMOD. Enough so that the signal at a very good customer.Keyword: Village Sei Rangit, Coaxial Network, Standard EIA-23, Standard Telkom, coaxia

Import of community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Europe through skin and soft-tissue infection in intercontinental travellers, 2011-2016

Objectives: Recently, following import by travel and migration, epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has caused nosocomial outbreaks in Europe, sometimes with a fatal outcome. We describe clinico-epidemiological characteristics of CA-MRSA detected by the European Network for the Surveillance of imported S. aureus (www.staphtrav.eu) from May 2011 to November 2016. Methods: Sentinel surveillance at 13 travel clinics enrolling patients with travel-associated skin and soft-tissue infection (SSTI) and analysing lesion and nose swabs at one central laboratory. Results: A total of 564 independent case-patients with SSTI were enrolled and had 374 (67%) S. aureus-positive lesions, of which 14% (51/374) were MRSA. The majority of CA-MRSA isolates from SSTI were Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-positive (43/51, 84%). The risk of methicillin-resistance in imported S. aureus varied by travel region (p Conclusions: Travel-associated CA-MRSA SSTI is a transmissible condition that leads to medical consultations and colonization of the infected host. (c) 2018 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Staphylococcus massiliensis isolated from human blood cultures, Germany, 2017-2020

Clinical and laboratory data on newly described staphylococcal species is rare, which hampers decision-making when such pathogens are detected in clinical specimens. Here, we describe Staphylococcus massiliensis detected in three patients at a university hospital in southwest Germany. We report the discrepancy of microbiological fndings between matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-fight mass spectrometry, 16S-rRNA polymerase chain reaction, and whole-genome sequencing for all three isolates. Our fndings highlight the diagnostic pitfalls pertinent to novel and non-model organisms in daily microbiological practice, in whom the correct identifcation is dependent on database accuracy

Genomic and epidemiological evidence of a dominant Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage in Sri Lanka and presence among isolates from the United Kingdom and Australia

Objective: To undertake the first detailed genomic analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Sri Lanka. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed on 94 MRSA isolates collected over a four month period from the Anuradhapura Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. Screening for mecA, mecC and the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) -associated lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes and molecular characterisation by spa typing was undertaken. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phylogenetic analysis was performed on selected multilocus sequence type (MLST) clonal complex 5 (CC5) isolates from Sri Lanka, England, Australia and Argentina. Results: All 94 MRSA harboured the mecA gene. Nineteen spa types belonging to nine MLST clonal complexes were identified. Where origin of the sample was recorded, most isolates were from skin and soft tissue infections (70/91; 76.9%), with fewer causing bacteraemia (16/91; 17.6%), empyema (3/91; 3.3%) and osteomyelitis (2/91; 2.2%). Sixty two (65.9%) isolates were PVL positive with the majority (56 isolates; 90.3%) belonging to a dominant CC5 lineage. This lineage, PVL-positive ST5-MRSA-IVc, was associated with both community and hospital-onset infections. Based on WGS, representative PVL-positive ST5-MRSA-IVc isolates from Sri Lanka, England and Australia formed a single phylogenetic clade, suggesting wide geographical circulation. Conclusions: We present the most detailed genomic analysis of MRSA isolated in Sri Lanka to date. The analysis identified a PVL-positive ST5-MRSA-IVc that is prevalent among MRSA causing clinical infections in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, this clone was also found among isolates from the United Kingdom and Australia

Antimicrobial activity of apple cider vinegar against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans; downregulating cytokine and microbial protein expression

The global escalation in antibiotic resistance cases means alternative antimicrobials are essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial capacity of apple cider vinegar (ACV) against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. The minimum dilution of ACV required for growth inhibition varied for each microbial species. For C. albicans, a 1/2 ACV had the strongest effect, S. aureus, a 1/25 dilution ACV was required, whereas for E-coli cultures, a 1/50 ACV dilution was required (p < 0.05). Monocyte co-culture with microbes alongside ACV resulted in dose dependent downregulation of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6). Results are expressed as percentage decreases in cytokine secretion comparing ACV treated with non-ACV treated monocytes cultured with E-coli (TNFα, 99.2%; IL-6, 98%), S. aureus (TNFα, 90%; IL-6, 83%) and C. albicans (TNFα, 83.3%; IL-6, 90.1%) respectively. Proteomic analyses of microbes demonstrated that ACV impaired cell integrity, organelles and protein expression. ACV treatment resulted in an absence in expression of DNA starvation protein, citrate synthase, isocitrate and malate dehydrogenases in E-coli; chaperone protein DNak and ftsz in S. aureus and pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructose bisphosphate were among the enzymes absent in C.albican cultures. The results demonstrate ACV has multiple antimicrobial potential with clinical therapeutic implications

Short-term increase in prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following mass drug administration with azithromycin for trachoma control.

BACKGROUND: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is a corner-stone of trachoma control however it may drive the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In a cluster-randomized trial (Clinical trial gov NCT00792922), we compared the reduction in the prevalence of active trachoma in communities that received three annual rounds of MDA to that in communities that received a single treatment round. We used the framework of this trial to carry out an opportunistic study to investigate if the increased rounds of treatment resulted in increased prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in two villages receiving three annual rounds of MDA (3 × treatment arm). Surveys were conducted immediately before the third round of MDA (CSS-1) and at one (CSS-2) and six (CSS-3) months after MDA. The final survey also included six villages that had received only one round of MDA 30 months previously (1 × treatment arm). RESULTS: In the 3 × treatment arm, a short-term increase in prevalence of S. aureus carriage was seen following MDA from 24.6% at CSS-1 to 38.6% at CSS-2 (p < 0.001). Prevalence fell to 8.8% at CSS-3 (p < 0.001). A transient increase was also seen in prevalence of carriage of azithromycin resistant (Azm(R)) strains from 8.9% at CSS-1 to 34.1% (p < 0.001) in CSS-2 and down to 7.3% (p = 0.417) in CSS-3. A similar trend was observed for prevalence of carriage of macrolide-inducible-clindamycin resistant (iMLSB) strains. In CSS-3, prevalence of carriage of resistant strains was higher in the 3 × treatment arm than in the 1 × treatment (Azm(R) 7.3% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.010; iMLSB 5.8% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001). Macrolide resistance was attributed to the presence of msr and erm genes. CONCLUSIONS: Three annual rounds of MDA with azithromycin were associated with a short-term increase in both the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus and prevalence of carriage of Azm(R) and iMLSB S. aureus. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was ancillary to the Partnership for the Rapid Elimination of Trachoma, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00792922 , registration date November 17, 2008

Identification and Elimination of the Clinically Relevant Multi-Resistant Environmental Bacteria Ralstonia insidiosa in Primary Cell Culture

In times of spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria, species identification and decontamination of cell cultures can be challenging. Here, we describe a mobile cell culture contaminant with &ldquo;black dot&rdquo;-like microscopic appearance in newly established irreplaceable hybridoma cell lines and its identification. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, species-specific PCRs, whole genome sequencing (WGS), and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the contaminant was identified as the ubiquitous environmental and clinically relevant Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia insidiosa (R. insidiosa), a strong biofilm producer. Further characterizations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and biochemical API test were not conclusive. Whole genome sequencing of our R. insidiosa isolate revealed numerous drug-resistance determinants. Genome-wide comparison to other Ralstonia species could not unambiguously designate our isolate to R. insidiosa (&lt;95% average nucleotide identity) suggesting a potential novel species or subspecies, closely related to R. insidiosa and R. pickettii. After determining the antibiotic susceptibility profile, the hybridoma cell culture was successfully decontaminated with ciprofloxacin without affecting antibody production