ESTERIFIKASI l-MENTOL DAN ANHIDRIDA ASETAT DENGAN VARIASI RASIO MOL REAKTAN

Ester merupakan senyawa berbau harum, yang dapat diperoleh dari reaksi antara alkohol dan asam karboksilat. Senyawa tersebut banyak digunakan dalam industri parfum, kosmetik, dan makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan esterifikasi terhadap l-mentol dengan anhidrida asetat dan mengetahui pengaruh rasio mol l-mentol:anhidrida asetat (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1) terhadap produk ester yang dihasilkan. Reaksi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan senyawa l­-mentol, anhidrida asetat dan katalis H2SO4 98 % dalam pelarut dietil eter dalam refluks selama 1 jam. Hasil sintesis dianalisis berdasarkan penentuan sifat fisik (warna,bau) dan dikarakterisasi dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), Spektrofotometri Infra Merah (FT-IR), Kromatografi Gas (KG), dan Kromatografi Gas-Spektrometri Massa (KG-SM). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa hasil sintesis masih berupa campuran yaitu l-mentol dan l-mentil asetat, berupa cairan berwarna kuning dan berbau khas mint. Rasio mol l-mentol dan anhidrida asetat mempengaruhi produk l-mentil asetat. % rasio tertinggi l-mentil asetat yaitu sebesar 18,79 % pada rasio mol l-mentol:anhidrida asetat 2:1. Sedangkan rendemen tertinggi senyawa l-mentil asetat yaitu sebesar 28,28 % pada rasio mol l-mentol:anhidrida asetat 2:1. Kata kunci: Esterifikasi, l­-mentol, anhidrida asetat, rasio mo

Promoting Student’s Well-being in Islamic Education: Teacher Strategies and Future Prospects

Islamic education has been modernized in every respect to meet the demands of the day, yet the results have fallen short of expectations. One reason is that learning activities place less emphasis on factors of student well-being. As a result, the purpose of this study is to increase student well-being in Islamic education, with an emphasis on teacher strategies and future possibilities. This study is field research, the research informants were 8 Islamic teachers from five Islamic educational institutions in Bandar Lampung who were determined using a purposive sampling technique. According to the study, student well-being is vital to successful learning. Thus numerous parties, particularly teachers, play a role in fostering student well-being. Personal consultation, sharing sessions, fostering openness and trust, not judging students and carefully listening to them, being careful with language and always giving up space for inquiries, and teaching how to seek help are some of the teacher strategies that can be implemented. It can be concluded, that future teachers can seek to create student well-being by implementing strategies that address students' needs in four dimensions: having, loving, being, and health.

PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN BELAJAR DI SEKOLAH TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMP NEGERI 12 PONTIANAK

AbstractThis study is to determine the effect of the school learning environment on student learning outcomes in social studies subjects in class VII in Pontianak 12 Public Middle School. The method used is descriptive in the form of quantitative research. The research sample consisted of class VII, the data in the form of a learning environment questionnaire at school. The results showed that the factors included in the school learning environment were teacher factors, physical environment, non physical or social environment, the most dominant factor being the physical environment with a percentage of 67%. The second problem formulation of 64 student learning outcomes is not complete in social studies because teacher teaching is not interesting, teacher and student relations are not good, student and friend relations are not good, this is supported by data analysis on teacher factor Summary Model, social environment or non physical. Based on the data analysis, the regression equation obtained is determination coefficient of 0.103, with a percentage of 10.3%, Adjusted R Square of 0.064 contributions of the influence of the school learning environment on student learning outcomes by 64%, while 36% is influenced by other factors not possessed by social studies. Keyword:  Social Studies Subjects, School Learning Environment, Student Learning Outcome

ESTERIFIKASI l-MENTOL DAN ANHIDRIDA ASETAT DENGAN VARIASI RASIO MOL REAKTAN

Ester merupakan senyawa berbau harum, yang dapat diperoleh dari reaksi antara alkohol dan asam karboksilat. Senyawa tersebut banyak digunakan dalam industri parfum, kosmetik, dan makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan esterifikasi terhadap l-mentol dengan anhidrida asetat dan mengetahui pengaruh rasio mol l-mentol:anhidrida asetat (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1) terhadap produk ester yang dihasilkan. Reaksi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan senyawa l­-mentol, anhidrida asetat dan katalis H2SO4 98 % dalam pelarut dietil eter dalam refluks selama 1 jam. Hasil sintesis dianalisis berdasarkan penentuan sifat fisik (warna,bau) dan dikarakterisasi dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT), Spektrofotometri Infra Merah (FT-IR), Kromatografi Gas (KG), dan Kromatografi Gas-Spektrometri Massa (KG-SM). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa hasil sintesis masih berupa campuran yaitu l-mentol dan l-mentil asetat, berupa cairan berwarna kuning dan berbau khas mint. Rasio mol l-mentol dan anhidrida asetat mempengaruhi produk l-mentil asetat. % rasio tertinggi l-mentil asetat yaitu sebesar 18,79 % pada rasio mol l-mentol:anhidrida asetat 2:1. Sedangkan rendemen tertinggi senyawa l-mentil asetat yaitu sebesar 28,28 % pada rasio mol l-mentol:anhidrida asetat 2:1. Kata kunci: Esterifikasi, l­-mentol, anhidrida asetat, rasio mo

Formulation and antibacterial effectiveness of fermented soybean husk extracts from industrial waste of tempe as eco-friendly hand sanitizer gel

This study aims to determine the formulation and antibacterial effectiveness of fermented soybean seed husk extract from tempe industrial waste as an environmentally friendly hand sanitizer gel. This type of research is an experimental study with variations in fermented soybean husk extract concentration, namely 0%, 5%, 15%, 20%, 50%, and 100%. Observational data were tested by analysis of variance ANOVA at a 5% level using Co-Stat software. Suppose there is a significant difference, a further test of Honest Significant Difference (BNJ) (organoleptic test), a further test of Orthogonal Polynomial Method (MOP) (spreadability, pH, viscosity), descriptive analysis test (flavonoid test, homogeneity test, antibacterial activity test is carried out) and test the total number of germs). The results showed that the fermented extract of soybean seed husk was positive for flavonoids, characterized by a bright yellow color change when added with 10% NaOH. The concentration of fermented soybean husk extract significantly affected the hand sanitizer gel's organoleptic properties, dispersion, total pH, and viscosity. Based on the organoleptic test, the panelists preferred the clear gel color in the F1 treatment (0%) and the thick, slightly liquid gel form with a slightly scented soybean husk in the F3 treatment (10%). The concentration treatment of soybean husk fermented extract (50%) was the best treatment based on good homogeneity, total pH 4.35, viscosity 2405 cPs, following SNI No.06-2588, and spreadability of 4.47 cm which was close to hand gel. For commercial sanitizers, the diameter of the inhibition zone against Escherichia coli bacteria ATCC 2922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2923 is 14 mm and 12 mm

Rental Value of a Local Government Asset Using Asymmetric Valuation

This study tried to identified the market and the rental value of Grha Z as one of the local assets in Province A. This study used cost approach and income approach in valuation to obtain rental value and Net Present Value (NPV) of the building, the construction cost of a new Grha Z building, management office, home generator, and warehouse. Because of the limited information, this study valuate the asset asymmetrically. The result of the calculation produces the value of assets, taxable value assets as the basis for calculating the value of the rental assets according to Minister of Finance (MoF) Regulation 33/2012. The results showed that the rental value of local assets such as land and buildings in the area Grha Z can be increased by Regulation of Indonesian MoF Number 33/2012. It can be used as a material consideration in the improvement of regional asset rental agreement

Formulation and antibacterial effectiveness of fermented soybean husk extracts from industrial waste of tempe as eco-friendly hand sanitizer gel

This study aims to determine the formulation and antibacterial effectiveness of fermented soybean seed husk extract from tempe industrial waste as an environmentally friendly hand sanitizer gel. This type of research is an experimental study with variations in fermented soybean husk extract concentration, namely 0%, 5%, 15%, 20%, 50%, and 100%. Observational data were tested by analysis of variance ANOVA at a 5% level using Co-Stat software. Suppose there is a significant difference, a further test of Honest Significant Difference (BNJ) (organoleptic test), a further test of Orthogonal Polynomial Method (MOP) (spreadability, pH, viscosity), descriptive analysis test (flavonoid test, homogeneity test, antibacterial activity test is carried out) and test the total number of germs). The results showed that the fermented extract of soybean seed husk was positive for flavonoids, characterized by a bright yellow color change when added with 10% NaOH. The concentration of fermented soybean husk extract significantly affected the hand sanitizer gel's organoleptic properties, dispersion, total pH, and viscosity. Based on the organoleptic test, the panelists preferred the clear gel color in the F1 treatment (0%) and the thick, slightly liquid gel form with a slightly scented soybean husk in the F3 treatment (10%). The concentration treatment of soybean husk fermented extract (50%) was the best treatment based on good homogeneity, total pH 4.35, viscosity 2405 cPs, following SNI No.06-2588, and spreadability of 4.47 cm which was close to hand gel. For commercial sanitizers, the diameter of the inhibition zone against Escherichia coli bacteria ATCC 2922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2923 is 14 mm and 12 mm

Studi Molekular Docking dan Prediksi ADME-T Senyawa Alkaloid Batang Songga (strychnos lucida) Terhadap Protein plasmodium falciparum sebagai Antimalaria

Malaria yang disebabkan oleh parasit plasmodium falciparum merupakan jenis malaria yang paling banyak menyebabkan kematian. Masalah resistensi parasit p. falciparum terhadap obat-obatan antimalaria yang saat ini digunakan mendorong kebutuhan untuk mencari kandidat obat baru yang lebih poten. Kandungan alkaloid pada batang songga diduga memiliki potensi penghambatan terhadap p. falciparum. Akan tetapi, mekanisme batang songga dalam menghambat pertumbuhan p. falciparum belum sepenuhnya diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi alkaloid batang songga dalam menghambat berbagai protein target p. falciparum dengan menganalisis drug-likeness nilai rerank score, ikatan hidrogen, interaksi sterik, interaksi elektrostatik, serta ADME�T secara in silico. Skrining drug-likeness ligan alkaloid batang songga dilakukan untuk memenuhi Lipinski’s rule of five. Tanimoto similarity dilakukan untuk menilai keserupaan struktur senyawa uji dengan senyawa pembanding. Molekular docking dilakukan dengan metode blind docking menggunakan Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD). Prediksi sifat farmakokinetik dan toksisitas dari semua ligan menggunakan webserver online pkCSM. Seluruh ligan alkaloid batang songga berpotensi menjadi obat aktif secara oral karena memenuhi 5 aturan Lipinski. Analisis docking menunjukkan bahwa brucine, beta-colubrine, loganin memiliki interaksi pengikatan terbaik dengan target protein FLN (-66.2766) yakni sebesar -67.7602, -67.7602, dan -70.0849. Sedangkan pada target protein DHFR, loganin memiliki nilai rerank score lebih kecil dibandingkan ligan kontrol (-101.358) yakni -109.369. Senyawa beta-colubrine (-97.0055), loganin (-103.268), akuammidine (-103.268), brucine (- 117.053) dan 4-Methyl-5-[3- trifluoromethylphenoxy]-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline (- 109.571) memiliki afinitas ikatan lebih baik dibandingkan ligan kontrol pada protein target ENR (95.5645). Pada protein target LDH, loganin (-82.361) diketahui memiliki afinitas ikatan lebih baik dibanding ligan kontrol (-79.6955). Prediksi ADME-T menunjukkan loganin dan brucine memiliki profil ADME-T paling baik dibandingkan senyawa lain yang memiliki rerank score lebih kecil terhadap pembanding. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa senyawa loganin berpotensi sebagai antimalaria yang ditargetkan pada protein FLN, DHFR, ENR dan LDH

Studi Molekular Docking dan Prediksi ADME-T Senyawa Alkaloid Batang Songga (strychnos lucida) Terhadap Protein plasmodium falciparum sebagai Antimalaria.

Malaria yang disebabkan oleh parasit plasmodium falciparum merupakan jenis malaria yang paling banyak menyebabkan kematian. Masalah resistensi parasit p. falciparum terhadap obat-obatan antimalaria yang saat ini digunakan mendorong kebutuhan untuk mencari kandidat obat baru yang lebih poten. Kandungan alkaloid pada batang songga diduga memiliki potensi penghambatan terhadap p. falciparum. Akan tetapi, mekanisme batang songga dalam menghambat pertumbuhan p. falciparum belum sepenuhnya diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi alkaloid batang songga dalam menghambat berbagai protein target p. falciparum dengan menganalisis drug-likeness nilai rerank score, ikatan hidrogen, interaksi sterik, interaksi elektrostatik, serta ADME-T secara in silico. Skrining drug-likeness ligan alkaloid batang songga dilakukan untuk memenuhi Lipinski’s rule of five. Tanimoto similarity dilakukan untuk menilai keserupaan struktur senyawa uji dengan senyawa pembanding. Molekular docking dilakukan dengan metode blind docking menggunakan Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD). Prediksi sifat farmakokinetik dan toksisitas dari semua ligan menggunakan webserver online pkCSM. Seluruh ligan alkaloid batang songga berpotensi menjadi obat aktif secara oral karena memenuhi 5 aturan Lipinski. Analisis docking menunjukkan bahwa brucine, beta-colubrine, loganin memiliki interaksi pengikatan terbaik dengan target protein FLN (-66.2766) yakni sebesar -67.7602, -67.7602, dan -70.0849. Sedangkan pada target protein DHFR, loganin memiliki nilai rerank score lebih kecil dibandingkan ligan kontrol (-101.358) yakni -109.369. Senyawa beta-colubrine (-97.0055), loganin (-103.268), akuammidine (-103.268), brucine (-117.053) dan 4-Methyl-5-[3- trifluoromethylphenoxy]-6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline (-109.571) memiliki afinitas ikatan lebih baik dibandingkan ligan kontrol pada protein target ENR (95.5645). Pada protein target LDH, loganin (-82.361) diketahui memiliki afinitas ikatan lebih baik dibanding ligan kontrol (-79.6955). Prediksi ADME-T menunjukkan loganin dan brucine memiliki profil ADME-T paling baik dibandingkan senyawa lain yang memiliki rerank score lebih kecil terhadap pembanding. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, disimpulkan bahwa senyawa loganin berpotensi sebagai antimalaria yang ditargetkan pada protein FLN, DHFR, ENR dan LDH