Harm Reduction in West Virginia: Do Needle Exchange Programs Reduce Disease and Decrease Costs?

Needle Exchange Programs (NEP)s were created to help users exchange used needles for new sterile ones and become aware of treatment and rehabilitation options. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of NEPs and their impact on reducing HIV and Hepatitis C infections in West Virginia and decreasing health care costs for the community. Based on studies conducted on the past implementation of needle exchange programs, it is suggested that there has been evidence that closing these programs can have a broad societal impact on the spread of HIV and hepatitis C and the associated costs. In addition, the community consequences of closing one extensive SNP in Charleston, West Virginia, were reported

Optical mapping as a routine tool for bacterial genome sequence finishing

Background: In sequencing the genomes of two Xenorhabdus species, we encountered a large number of sequence repeats and assembly anomalies that stalled finishing efforts. This included a stretch of about 12 Kb that is over 99.9% identical between the plasmid and chromosome of X. nematophila. Results: Whole genome restriction maps of the sequenced strains were produced through optical mapping technology. These maps allowed rapid resolution of sequence assembly problems, permitted closing of the genome, and allowed correction of a large inversion in a genome assembly that we had considered finished. Conclusion: Our experience suggests that routine use of optical mapping in bacterial genome sequence finishing is warranted. When combined with data produced through 454 sequencing, an optical map can rapidly and inexpensively generate an ordered and oriented set of contigs to produce a nearly complete genome sequence assembly

The Entomopathogenic Bacterial Endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: Convergent Lifestyles from Divergent Genomes

Members of the genus Xenorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that associate with nematodes. The nematode-bacteria pair infects and kills insects, with both partners contributing to insect pathogenesis and the bacteria providing nutrition to the nematode from available insect-derived nutrients. The nematode provides the bacteria with protection from predators, access to nutrients, and a mechanism of dispersal. Members of the bacterial genus Photorhabdus also associate with nematodes to kill insects, and both genera of bacteria provide similar services to their different nematode hosts through unique physiological and metabolic mechanisms. We posited that these differences would be reflected in their respective genomes. To test this, we sequenced to completion the genomes of Xenorhabdus nematophila ATCC 19061 and Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004. As expected, both Xenorhabdus genomes encode many anti-insecticidal compounds, commensurate with their entomopathogenic lifestyle. Despite the similarities in lifestyle between Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, a comparative analysis of the Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus luminescens, and P. asymbiotica genomes suggests genomic divergence. These findings indicate that evolutionary changes shaped by symbiotic interactions can follow different routes to achieve similar end points

Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo

Meeting Abstracts: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo Clearwater Beach, FL, USA. 9-11 June 201

Nutritional Strategies for the Preservation of Fat Free Mass at High Altitude

Exposure to extreme altitude presents many physiological challenges. In addition to impaired physical and cognitive function, energy imbalance invariably occurs resulting in weight loss and body composition changes. Weight loss, and in particular, loss of fat free mass, combined with the inherent risks associated with extreme environments presents potential performance, safety, and health risks for those working, recreating, or conducting military operations at extreme altitude. In this review, contributors to muscle wasting at altitude are highlighted with special emphasis on protein turnover. The article will conclude with nutritional strategies that may potentially attenuate loss of fat free mass during high altitude exposure

Optical mapping as a routine tool for bacterial genome sequence finishing-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Optical mapping as a routine tool for bacterial genome sequence finishing"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/321</p><p>BMC Genomics 2007;8():321-321.</p><p>Published online 14 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2045679.</p><p></p>ent, red regions indicate sequence that is present on at least two contigs, and yellow regions indicate inversions. Lines between maps indicate the position of identical sequences on the two maps, and can be used to visually identify misassemblies and inversions. : An early comparison of an optical map derived from digestion of the genome to the assembled contigs generated by traditional sequencing technologies. All contigs could be ordered for gap closure. In addition, the optical map indicated an overlooked misassembly. : The finishing strategy, including gap closure and misassembly resolution, was simplified using the optical map as an assembly model. The optical map derived from an digestion of the chromosome is presented as a single contig in the center. The sequenced genome contains nine contigs that have a corresponding match to the optical map. The plasmid is 158 Kb and is too small to be identified using the current optical map technology. Nonetheless, small sections of the plasmid can be identified as regions that do not have corresponding optical map locations (white in figure). : Comparison of the final assembly of the genome (bottom) to the optical map (top) for the digest. The non-aligned contig represents the plasmid, which was generated by traditional sequencing technologies. : Comparison of the finished sequence of to the optical map revealed a large inverted region of the genome. The red regions indicate regions of repeats within the genome that cannot be resolved by optical mapping. These regions were resolved using traditional sequencing methods. The sequenced genome was easily re-oriented to correct the assembly

Genome Sequence of Azotobacter vinelandii , an Obligate Aerobe Specialized To Support Diverse Anaerobic Metabolic Processes

Azotobacter vinelandii is a soil bacterium related to the Pseudomonas genus that fixes nitrogen under aerobic conditions while simultaneously protecting nitrogenase from oxygen damage. In response to carbon availability, this organism undergoes a simple differentiation process to form cysts that are resistant to drought and other physical and chemical agents. Here we report the complete genome sequence of A. vinelandii DJ, which has a single circular genome of 5,365,318 bp. In order to reconcile an obligate aerobic lifestyle with exquisitely oxygen-sensitive processes, A. vinelandii is specialized in terms of its complement of respiratory proteins. It is able to produce alginate, a polymer that further protects the organism from excess exogenous oxygen, and it has multiple duplications of alginate modification genes, which may alter alginate composition in response to oxygen availability. The genome analysis identified the chromosomal locations of the genes coding for the three known oxygen-sensitive nitrogenases, as well as genes coding for other oxygen-sensitive enzymes, such as carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. These findings offer new prospects for the wider application of A. vinelandii as a host for the production and characterization of oxygen-sensitive proteins.Fil: Setubal, João C.. Virginia Polytechnic Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Dos Santos, Patricia Carolina. Wake Forest University; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; ArgentinaFil: Goldman, Barry S.. Monsanto Company; Estados UnidosFil: Ertesvag, Helga. Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NoruegaFil: Espin, Guadelupe. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Rubio, Luis M.. Instituto Imdea Energia; EspañaFil: Valla, Svein. Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NoruegaFil: Almeida, Nalvo F.. Virginia Polytechnic Institute; Estados Unidos. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; BrasilFil: Balasubramanian, Divya. Hiram College; Estados UnidosFil: Cromes, Lindsey. Hiram College; Estados UnidosFil: Curatti, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; Argentina. Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas. Centro de Estudios de Biodiversidad y Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Du, Zijin. Monsanto Company; Estados UnidosFil: Godsy, Eric. Monsanto Company; Estados UnidosFil: Goodner, Brad. Hiram College; Estados UnidosFil: Hellner Burris, Kaitlyn. Hiram College; Estados UnidosFil: Hernandez, José A.. Midwestern University; Estados UnidosFil: Houmiel, Katherine. Seattle Pacific University; Estados UnidosFil: Imperial, Juan. Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas; EspañaFil: Kennedy, Christina. University of Arizona; Estados UnidosFil: Larson, Timothy J.. Virginia Polytechnic Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Latreille, Phil. Monsanto Company; Estados UnidosFil: Ligon, Lauren S.. Virginia Polytechnic Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Lu, Jing. Monsanto Company; Estados UnidosFil: Mærk, Mali. Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NoruegaFil: Miller, Nancy M.. Monsanto Company; Estados UnidosFil: Norton, Stacie. Monsanto Company; Estados UnidosFil: O'Carroll, Ina P.. Virginia Polytechnic Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Paulsen, Ian. Macquarie University; AustraliaFil: Raulfs, Estella C.. Virginia Polytechnic Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Roemer, Rebecca. Hiram College; Estados Unido

Genome Sequences of Three Agrobacterium Biovars Help Elucidate the Evolution of Multichromosome Genomes in Bacteria▿ †

The family Rhizobiaceae contains plant-associated bacteria with critical roles in ecology and agriculture. Within this family, many Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains are nitrogen-fixing plant mutualists, while many strains designated as Agrobacterium are plant pathogens. These contrasting lifestyles are primarily dependent on the transmissible plasmids each strain harbors. Members of the Rhizobiaceae also have diverse genome architectures that include single chromosomes, multiple chromosomes, and plasmids of various sizes. Agrobacterium strains have been divided into three biovars, based on physiological and biochemical properties. The genome of a biovar I strain, A. tumefaciens C58, has been previously sequenced. In this study, the genomes of the biovar II strain A. radiobacter K84, a commercially available biological control strain that inhibits certain pathogenic agrobacteria, and the biovar III strain A. vitis S4, a narrow-host-range strain that infects grapes and invokes a hypersensitive response on nonhost plants, were fully sequenced and annotated. Comparison with other sequenced members of the Alphaproteobacteria provides new data on the evolution of multipartite bacterial genomes. Primary chromosomes show extensive conservation of both gene content and order. In contrast, secondary chromosomes share smaller percentages of genes, and conserved gene order is restricted to short blocks. We propose that secondary chromosomes originated from an ancestral plasmid to which genes have been transferred from a progenitor primary chromosome. Similar patterns are observed in select Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria species. Together, these results define the evolution of chromosome architecture and gene content among the Rhizobiaceae and support a generalized mechanism for second-chromosome formation among bacteria