Fortune’s Breath: Rewriting the Classical Storm in the Drama of Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare

This is the author accepted manuscriptCritics often identify Marlowe and Nashe’s play *Dido Queene of Carthage* as a significant precursor for Shakespeare’s *Antony and Cleopatra*, as well as his more explicitly Virgilian drama *The Tempest*. These three plays are regularly associated with the *Aeneid*, and interpreted within the context of early modern colonial discourse. While the theme of empire-building is of central importance in these dramas, however, the emphasis in all three plays on the staging of Virgilian storms suggest that the *Aeneid*’s prophetic and literary antecedents may be equally significant. Thus Marlowe and Shakespeare’s fictional tempests raise and pursue questions about the nature of theatrical authorship, the concept of a discrete imaginative sphere, and the charged issue of literary legacy or fama. Storms in these plays thus provide a medium through which to engage with and dispute standards of dramatic authority within the context of the purpose-dedicated playhouses, as Marlowe and Shakespeare respond in their drama to contemporary debates about the nature, value and purpose of the theatre

Performance and the "Holy Purse": Ben Jonson's attack on puritan value(s)

This is the final version. Available from University of Chicago Press via the DOI in this recor

Tertiary colleges: a study of perspectives on organizational innovation

The purpose of this research study was to explore organisational innovation in education with reference to one particular type of organisation - the tertiary college. The research sought to examine the extent to which the intended objectives for new educational organisations are realised in practice, and how far the goals and ethos which organisational leaders seek to promote are shared by organisational members. The study focused on eleven tertiary colleges, comparing the 'official' view of the colleges, as put forward by senior managers, with the perspectives of staff and students. Tertiary colleges are responsible for all or most full and part time non-advanced education for the post-16 age group in the areas which they serve (some also have some advanced work). The colleges thus combine all provision which elsewhere is separately administered in school sixth forms, sixth form colleges and further education colleges. The literature review draws on concepts from organisation theory, and discusses various models for analysing organisations and their goals: rational system and formal models, and three alternative approaches - political, ambiguity and subjective models. Rational system and formal models are dominant in the organisational literature. They focus on the official aspects of organisations rather than the perspectives of members. The review then explores the role of structure and culture in the pursuit of organisational goals, the extent to which organisations have a shared culture or ethos, and the factors contributing to successful change in educational institutions. The study examined four main issues : (1) To what extent are the goals set out by institutional leaders shared by other members of the organisation? (2) How far do new structures influence perspectives and attitudes? (3) To what extent are new types of organisation able to develop a distinctive culture and ethos? (4) Are there major differences between individual organisations of the same type? Evidence to explore these issues was gathered by means of interviews with principals and vice-principals; analysis of college documents: and questionnaire surveys of staff and full and part-time students. It was found that organisational members - staff and students - shared the official view of the colleges' goals and ethos to some extent. However, there were a number of mismatches and disparities between the official perspective and the views of members, and an 'implementation gap' (Becher, 1989), between goals as ideals and goals as enacted. There was also evidence of cultural differentiation, rather than the integrationist culture portrayed by the principals. There were considerable subgroup differences in members' perspectives and in the extent to which they shared the goals and ethos of their colleges. There were also wide inter-college disparities in staff and student views. The study indicates that organisational goals impact differentially on various member subgroups, and that organisations sharing similar purposes may achieve these purposes to widely differing degrees. The analysis suggests that formal and rational system models of organisations are inadequate for understanding organisational change. It is necessary to draw on alternative perspectives to interpret the 'competing realities' (Greenfield, 1973) and 'less-than-rational' (Hoyle, 1986) aspects of organisational life. The study focused on internal aspects of the tertiary colleges, but there was evidence that external factors may have influenced their goals and development. The conclusion therefore considers the broader policy context for the development of the tertiary colleges, as compared with other new types of organisation - City Technology Colleges and grant-maintained schools. It is suggested that 'new institutionalist' ideas, which portray the environment as having a central influence on organisational development, may provide a useful framework for reinterpreting the findings of the study. New institutionalist concepts provide an important corrective to the assumptions of rational system and formal models that organisations have a relatively high degree of autonomy in establishing and pursuing internally-generated goal

The Smoke of War: From Tamburlaine to Henry V

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this record.Early in Tamburlaine Part 1, Marlowe’s protagonist promises that his army’s bullets, “[e]nrolde in flames and fiery smouldering mistes”, will occupy the heavens (2.3.20). Uniting the technological with the supernatural, Tamburlaine is characterised as a warrior who commands the “compasse of the killing bullet” (2.1.41), with the smoky emissions generated by his ordnance complementing his martial ambitions. As Tamburlaine and his rival Bajazeth compete for discursive and material control of the fictional – and theatrical - air, deploying smoke, flying bullets, and airborne contagion, Marlowe’s drama introduces an association between pollution and achievement that Shakespeare would subsequently interrogate in Henry IV and Henry V. While Shakespearean characters such as Hotspur continue to celebrate the fumes of “smoky war” (1 Henry IV 4.1.115), Shakespeare also registers the performative risks of generating environmental pollution: an approach that culminates in Henry V when the title protagonist’s threats conflate bullets with rotting bodies and render the air itself a poisoned weapon that “choke[s]” the atmosphere (4.3.99-108). Analysing both parts of Tamburlaine, Henry VI Part One, 1 and 2 Henry IV, and Henry V, this article explores the theatrical associations between staging battle and the weaponised use of airborne pollutants, reflecting on the implications for contemporary dramatic representations of the martial and aerial environment

Amplify antimicrobial photo dynamic therapy efficacy with poly-beta-amino esters (PBAEs)

Light-activated antimicrobial agents (photosensitisers) are promising alternatives to antibiotics for the treatment of skin infections and wounds through antimicrobial photo dynamic therapy (aPDT); utilisation of this technique is still restricted by general low efficacy requiring long exposure time (in the order of tens of minutes) that make the treatment very resource intensive. We report for the first time the possibility of harvesting the cell penetrating properties of poly-beta-amino esters (PBAEs) in combination with toluidine blue O (TBO) to shorten aPDT exposure time. Candidates capable of inactivation rates 30 times quicker than pure TBO were discovered and further improvements through PBAE backbone optimisation could be foreseen. Efficacy of the complexes was PBAE-dependent on a combination of TBO uptake and a newly discovered and unexpected role of PBAEs on reactive species production. Chemometric approach of partial least square regression was employed to assess the critical PBAE properties involved in this newly observed phenomenon in order to elicit a possible mechanism. The superior antimicrobial performance of this new approach benefits from the use of well established, low-cost and safe dye (TBO) coupled with inexpensive, widely tested and biodegradable polymers also known to be safe. Moreover, no adverse cytotoxic effects of the PBAEs adjuvated TBO delivery have been observed on a skin cells in vitro model demonstrating the safety profile of this new technology

Subminimum or Subpar? A Note in Favor of Repealing the Fair Labor Standards Act\u27s Subminimum Wage Program

This Note argues for the repeal of Section 14(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which continues to perpetuate a system allowing employers to pay less than minimum, or “subminimum,” wage to certain employees with disabilities. The Section 14(c) program is a relic of policy leftover from the 1930s and does not help the disabled community, but rather rests on the presumption that persons with disabilities never progress. In light of recent House Resolution 3086, Congress went against the current trend of encouraging maximum independence and equal opportunities for persons with disabilities and instead upheld the subminimum wage program; however, Congress now has another opportunity to repeal Section 14(c) with House Resolution 831. This Note discusses the pros and cons of Section 14(c)’s subminimum wage program, and, using Washington State as a model, this Note argues for the repeal of Section 14(c) of the FLSA

Radionuclide interactions with materials relevant to a geological disposal facility

Materials representative of those found in a Geological Disposal Facility (GDF) for the long-term storage of nuclear waste have been investigated for their ability to retard the movement of ionic species found in nuclear waste. Fe1-xO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 (from steel corrosion) and sandstone (bedrock) used as physical barriers in the GDF have been treated using solutions of pH 7-13 which are representative of the leachate expected from concrete encapsulation of waste in contact with ground water. A mimic of portlandite cement, Ca(OH)2 was also prepared carbonate-free via a sacharate method for use in these leachate experiments. Materials have been characterised using a mixture of techniques such as Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Infra-red Spectroscopy which focus on the bulk, short range techniques such as Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) and physical measurements such as diffusion experiments and fluorescence spectroscopy. Characterisation of the bulk materials before and after treatment using PXRD and SEM indicates that high purity iron oxides are affected differently by the solutions of varying pH. While not detectable by bulk techniques, SEM analysis evidence of the surface of the materials showed that Fe1-xO was deleteriously affected by solutions with pH > 7 more than the more oxidised materials. Initially needle-like crystals formed on the surface of Fe1-xO that are characteristic of goethite which at long aging times up to 168 h, showed transformation to crystal morphologies characteristic of Fe2O3. As the alkalinity increased, the transformation of Fe1-xO to Fe2O3 slowed. Dissolution of the iron surfaces in the solutions of pH 7-13 were determined by measuring the concentration of dissolved iron using ICPMS. While Fe1-xO and Fe3O4 followed first order kinetics, the dissolution kinetics for Fe2O3 appeared more complex. As the alkalinity increased, the rate constant for dissolution decreased in all cases indicating that higher pH is better for containment due to the formation of a passivated surface layer evidenced by SEM. The sorption of uranium to the iron oxide surfaces was investigated as a function of pH (7-13). In all cases, there was evidence of uranium sorption. The greatest sorption was evidenced when Ca(OH)2 was present which is most likely due to the precipitation of the known phase, calcium uranate. In the absence of calcium hydroxide, the sorption of uranium to the iron oxide surfaces decreased as the pH increased, reflecting the increase in formation of the anionic uranium species. In the presence of carbonate, the sorption of uranium onto the surfaces also decreases reflecting the formation of the soluble uranyl carbonate species. NMR spectroscopy of uranyl species in solution indicates that the chemical shift is strongly affected by pH shifting from 163 ppm to 175 ppm as the pH changes from 7 to 13 and allowing the uranium speciation to be used as a pH probe. A much -2- smaller shift in respect of temperature of less than 0.5 ppm was observed in the temperature range studied between 25 and 50°C. The quality of fluorescence spectra has been shown to be strongly affected by complexing species present in solution, the best spectra achieved with non-complexing species such as perchlorate. Migration experiments of the radionuclides uranium, thorium and technetium has been investigated by placing sandstone cores in alkaline solution and analysing both the water itself and the core to examine retention and transport. The results determined that the technetium diffused readily through the sandstone matrix. The uranium and throrium did not achieve breakthrough. This was attributed to the low solubility’s and the formation of stable precipitates

Student-led enterprise groups and entrepreneurial learning

This study considers the phenomenon of student-led enterprise groups in UK higher education institutions with regard to their role and activities and their potential to enhance entrepreneurial learning. The researchers adopted a case study methodology, acknowledging that a multiplicity of variables influences pedagogical development and therefore the findings are intended to further understanding rather than to produce generalizable data. The study’s findings both support and update those of prior studies which posit a link between the groups and opportunities for experiential and social learning. The article also provides a novel focus on learning outcomes for group leaders