Hirvituhot ja hirvikannan sääntely

201

Liito-oravan elinympäristöjen mallitus ja ennakointi Tampereen kaupunkiseudulla

Raportissa kuvataan kaksi Tampereen seudulle laadittua liito-oravan elinympäristömallia ja esitellään niiden käyttömahdollisuuksia. Mallit laadittiin tukemaan liito-oravan suojelua kasvavalla kaupunkiseudulla, jossa liito-oravat elävät sekä yhdyskuntarakenteen sisällä että lähimaaseudulla. Elinympäristömallien avulla voidaan uudistaa liito-oravan suojelua yksittäispaikkojen suojelusta kohti laajempien maisema-alueiden arviointia. Tämän ansiosta suojelu on mahdollista sovittaa aikaisempaa paremmin kaupunkiseudun kehitykseen ja edistää suojelussa tarvittavaa yhteistyötä yli toimiala- ja kuntarajojen. Elinympäristömalleja voidaan käyttää kuntien yhdyskuntasuunnittelussa, kaupunkiseudun strategisessa maankäytön suunnittelussa, tiesuunnittelussa, virkistysalueiden ja yksityismetsien hoidossa sekä liito-oravakannan seurannassa. Elinympäristömalleista toinen perustuu metsäsuunnitteluaineistoon ja se laadittiin tukemaan yhdyskuntasuunnittelua etenkin kuntarajojen tuntumassa. Toinen malli perustuu satelliittikuvapohjaiseen VMI-monilähdeaineistoon ja se laadittiin kattamaan koko kaupunkiseutu maaseutualueineen. Elinympäristömallien laadinnassa kiinnitettiin erityistä huomiota käyttäjäkeskeisyyden toteutumiseen sekä mallien sovittamiseen toiminnalliseen käyttöympäristöönsä. Raportissa tämä kuvataan uuden teknologian kotiuttamisena. Mallien tulevat käyttäjät osallistuivat hankkeeseen työpajoissa ja muissa tilaisuuksissa. Elinympäristömallit avaavat strategisen ulottuvuuden liito-oravan suojeluun vakiintuneiden suojelumenettelyjen rinnalle. Mallien tuella on mahdollista laatia liito-oravalle seudullinen suojeluohjelma ja perustaa kannanseuranta. Yhteistoiminnan tavoitteeksi tulisi silloin asettaa liito-oravakannan elinvoimaisuus Tampereen kaupunkiseudulla (4 000 km2). Vuorovaikutus erityisesti yhdyskuntasuunnittelun ja metsätalouden välillä nousee tämän seurauksena tärkeäksi kehittämiskohteeksi. Elinympäristömallien tarjoamat mahdollisuudet nostavat pohdittavaksi myös ekologisen kompensaation, jota ei toistaiseksi tunneta lajisuojelun keinona Suomen lainsäädännössä

Modelling the effect of habitat composition and roads on the occurrence and number of moose damage at multiple scales

We modelled the effect of habitat composition and roads on the number and occurrence of moose (Alces alces L.) damage in Ostrobothnia and Lapland using a zero-inflated count model. Models were developed for 1 km2, 25 km2 and 100 km2 landscapes consisting of equilateral rectangular grid cells. Count models predict the number of damage, i.e. the number of plantations and zero models the probability of a landscape being without damage for a given habitat composition. The number of moose damage in neighboring grid cells was a significant predictor in all models. The proportion of mature forest was the most frequent significant variable, and an increasing admix-ture of mature forests among plantations increased the number and occurrence of damage. The amount of all types of plantations was the second most common significant variable predicting increasing damage along with increasing amount of plantations. An increase in thinning forests as an admixture also increased damage in 1 km2 landscapes in both areas, whereas an increase in pine-dominated thinning forests in Lapland reduced the number of damage in 25 km2 landscapes. An increasing amount of inhabited areas in Ostrobothnia and the length of connecting roads in Lapland reduced the number of damage in 1 and 25 km2 landscapes. Differences in model vari-ables between areas suggest that models of moose damage risk should be adjusted according to characteristics that are specific to the study area.We modelled the effect of habitat composition and roads on the number and occurrence of moose (Alces alces L.) damage in Ostrobothnia and Lapland using a zero-inflated count model. Models were developed for 1 km(2), 25 km(2) and 100 km(2) landscapes consisting of equilateral rectangular grid cells. Count models predict the number of damage, i.e. the number of plantations and zero models the probability of a landscape being without damage for a given habitat composition. The number of moose damage in neighboring grid cells was a significant predictor in all models. The proportion of mature forest was the most frequent significant variable, and an increasing admixture of mature forests among plantations increased the number and occurrence of damage. The amount of all types of plantations was the second most common significant variable predicting increasing damage along with increasing amount of plantations. An increase in thinning forests as an admixture also increased damage in 1 km(2) landscapes in both areas, whereas an increase in pine-dominated thinning forests in Lapland reduced the number of damage in 25 km(2) landscapes. An increasing amount of inhabited areas in Ostrobothnia and the length of connecting roads in Lapland reduced the number of damage in 1 and 25 km(2) landscapes. Differences in model variables between areas suggest that models of moose damage risk should be adjusted according to characteristics that are specific to the study area.Peer reviewe

Kallioperä ja maalaji vaikuttavat hirvivahinkojen määrään

201

Moose damage in National Forest Inventories (1986-2008) in Finland

201

Are the declining trends in forest grouse populations due to changes in the forest age structure? : A case study of Capercaillie in Finland

Peer reviewe

Contemporary mature forest cover does not explain the persistence of Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) lekking areas in Finland

Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) has traditionally been considered an old forest-dependent species. The lekking sites especially,were thought to be located in older forests. We studied the persistence of Capercaillie lekking areas in relation tomature forest cover at three study areas in Finland (southwestern, SW; central, CE; and northern, NO). Atotal of 381 leks were inspected twice at intervals of 10-30 years and were classified as either persisting or vacated. We defined mature forest as forest with > 152 m 3ha -1 of timber (SW and CE Finland) or > 68 m 3ha -1 of timber (NO Finland). We measured mature-forest cover within two radii around the leks (1,000 and 3,000m) using satellite image-based forest inventories, and performed logistic regression analyses on these data. We did not find significant trends between mature-forest cover and lekking-area persistence in any of the study areas. However, the proportion of mature forestsmay have already been too low to detect the significance of this factor. The only significant factor affecting the lekking-site persistence was time lag between surveys. The positive relationship between the time lag and lekking-site persistence in CE and NO Finland may be due to the partial recovery of the landscapes in terms of forest regrowth, from extensive clear-cut harvesting in the 1950s and 1960s. In SWFinland, the relationship was negative, possibly indicatingmore permanent changes in the landscape that is currently characterized by human settlements and agricultural areas. We conclude that in present-day Finland, the area covered by mature forest ismost likely too scarce to explain the lekking-area persistence ofCapercaillie. An alternative explanation is that some important structural characteristics are missing from the current mature forests

Persistence of Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) lekking areas depends on forest cover and fine-grain fragmentation of boreal forest landscapes

Peer reviewe

Effects of bedrock and surficial deposit composition on moose damage in young forest stands in Finnish Lapland

201