Effects of diet form and type on growth performance, carcass yield, and iodine value of finishing pigs

Citation: Nemechek, J. E., Tokach, M. D., Dritz, S. S., Goodband, R. D., DeRouchey, J. M., & Woodworth, J. C. (2015). Effects of diet form and type on growth performance, carcass yield, and iodine value of finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 93(9), 4486-4499. doi:10.2527/jas2015-9149Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pelleting, diet type (fat and fiber level), and withdrawal of dietary fiber and fat before marketing on growth performance, carcass yield, and carcass fat iodine value (IV) of finishing pigs. Each experiment used 288 pigs (initially 49.6 and 48.5 kg BW, respectively) with 6 dietary treatments arranged as 2 x 3 factorials. In Exp. 1, main effects were diet form (meal vs. pellet) and diet regimen. Diet regimens were 1) a low-fiber, low-fat (corn-soybean meal) diet from d 0 to 81, 2) a high-fiber, high-fat (30% dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and 19% wheat middlings [midds]) diet from d 0 to 64 followed by the low-fiber, low-fat diet from d 64 to 81 (fiber and fat withdrawal), and 3) the high-fiber, high-fat diet fed from d 0 to 81. Pigs fed pelleted diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with those fed meal diets. Pigs fed pelleted diets had increased belly fat IV (2.9 mg/g) compared with those fed meal diets, with a greater increase when fed high-fiber, high-fat diets throughout the entire study (interaction, P < 0.05). Pigs fed the low-fiber, low-fat diet throughout had increased (P < 0.001) G:F compared with pigs fed the other 2 treatments. Pigs fed low-fiber, low-fat diets throughout the study or pigs withdrawn from high-fiber, high-fat diets had increased (P < 0.001) carcass yield compared with pigs fed high-fiber, high-fat diets throughout. In Exp. 2, treatment main effects were diet form (meal vs. pellet) and diet type (corn-soybean meal-based control, the control with 30% DDGS and 19% midds, or the control diet with 3% corn oil). The diet containing corn oil was calculated to produce carcass fat IV similar to diets containing DDGS and midds. Overall, pigs fed pelleted diets had increased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, and belly fat IV (1.3 mg/g) compared with those fed meal diets. Pigs fed the diets containing DDGS and midds had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, carcass yield, and HCW compared with pigs fed the control or corn oil diets and decreased (P < 0.001) G:F compared with pigs fed added corn oil. Belly IV was greatest (P < 0.001) for pigs fed diets with DDGS and midds and lowest for pigs fed the control diet, with pigs fed the corn oil diets intermediate. In conclusion, pelleting diets improves pig ADG (approximately 3%) and G:F (approximately 6%); however, a novel finding of this study is that pelleting diets fed to finishing pigs also increases belly fat IV

Evaluation of deleting crystalline amino acids from low-CP, amino acid-fortified diets on growth performance of nursery pigs from 15 to 25 lb

A total of 294 nursery pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 15.2 lb, 3 d postweaning) were used in a 28-d trial to evaluate the effects on growth performance of eliminating specific crystalline amino acids from a low-CP, amino acid-fortified diet. On d 3 after weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. A 2-phase diet series was used, with treatment diets fed from d 0 to 14 and a common diet fed from d 14 to 28. All diets were in meal form. The formulation was based on data from previous trials in which fish meal was replaced with crystalline amino acids in the diet for 15- to 25-lb pigs. The objective of this trial was to determine which amino acids are required in this low-CP, amino acid-fortified diet. The positive control diet contained L-lysine HCl, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan, L-valine, L-glutamine, and L-glycine. The 6 treatments were (1) positive control, (2) positive control with L-isoleucine deleted from the diet, (3) positive control with L-tryptophan deleted, (4) positive control L-valine deleted, (5) positive control with L-glutamine and L-glycine deleted, and (6) positive control with L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan, L-valine, L-glutamine, and L-glycine deleted from diet (negative control). There were 7 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed the positive control diet had improved (P < 0.03) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the negative control or diets with L-tryptophan or L-valine deleted, with pigs fed the diet without crystalline glutamine and glycine being intermediate. The pigs fed the diet containing no crystalline isoleucine had similar (P > 0.40) ADG, ADFI, and F/G to pigs fed the positive control, but had improved (P < 0.03) ADG compared to the pigs fed the other 4 diets. For unknown reasons, when the common diet was fed from d 14 to 28, the deletion of crystalline isoleucine in the previous period caused a decrease (P < 0.01) in ADG compared to the positive control. Pigs from the other treatment groups had similar (P > 0.12) ADG to the positive control. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in ADFI from d 14 to 28. Because of the decrease in ADG from d 0 to 14, pigs fed the negative control or diets without L-tryptophan or L-valine had decreased (P < 0.04) ADG for the overall trial (d 0 to 28) compared to pigs fed the positive control. ADFI from all treatment diets decreased compared to the positive control, although only the negative control group tested significantly (P 0.24) in F/G for the overall data. In conclusion, L-tryptophan and L-valine were needed in the low-CP, high amino acid-fortified nursery diet to achieve maximum growth performance from 15 to 25 lb. This suggests that the tryptophan:lysine and valine:lysine requirements are greater than 15 and 57% of lysine, respectively. The numerical decrease in performance when L-glutamine and L-glycine were removed from the diet during the first period suggests a need for nonessential nitrogen in the low-CP, amino acid-fortified diet or a benefit to one of these amino acids separate from its role as a nitrogen source

Effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs

A total of 252 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 125.2 lb BW) were used in a 69-d trial to determine the effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with the main effects of feeder adjustment and diet form. The 2 feeder adjustments were a narrow feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 0.50 in.) and a wide adjustment (minimum gap opening of 1.00 in.). The feeders were adjusted to the minimum gap setting, but the agitation plate could be moved upward to a maximum gap opening of 0.75 or 1.25 in. for the narrow and wide adjustments, respectively. The 3 diet forms were meal, poor-quality pellets (50% pellets and 50% fines), and screened pellets with minimal fines. Average daily gain, ADFI, and F/G were determined by weighing pigs and measuring feed disappearance on d 0, 12, 22, 39, 48, and 69. No diet form × feeder adjustment interactions were observed (P \u3e 0.24). For Phases 1 (d 0 to 22) and 2 (d 22 to 48), feeder adjustment did not influence (P \u3e 0.28) ADG, but ADFI tended to increase (P \u3c 0.07) and F/G worsened (P \u3c 0.05) for pigs fed from the wide adjusted feeders. In Phase 3 (d 48 to 69), no differences were detected in growth performance (P \u3e 0.17) between pigs fed from either feeder adjustment.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 201

Effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs

Citation: Nemechek, J. E., Tokach, M. D., Dritz, S. S., Fruge, E. D., Hansen, E. L., Goodband, R. D., . . . Woodworth, J. C. (2015). Effects of diet form and feeder adjustment on growth performance of nursery and finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 93(8), 4172-4180. doi:10.2527/jas2015-9028Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeder adjustment and diet form on growth performance of nursery (Exp. 1 and 2) and finishing (Exp. 3) pigs. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial with the main effects of feeder adjustment and diet form. The 2 feeder adjustments were a narrow and wide feeder adjustment (minimum gap opening of 1.27 and 2.54 cm, respectively). The 3 diet forms were meal, poor-quality pellets (70% pellets and 30% fines for Exp. 1 and 2 and 50% pellets and 50% fines for Exp. 3), and screened pellets with minimal fines (3 to 10%). In Exp. 1, 210 pigs (initially 11.9 kg BW) were used in a 21-d trial with 7 pigs per pen and 5 pens per treatment. No feeder adjustment x diet form interactions were observed. There were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or G:F due to feeder adjustment. Pigs fed the meal diet had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the poor-quality or screened pellets. Pigs fed meal or poor-quality pellets had decreased (P < 0.05) G: F compared with pigs fed screened pellets. In Exp. 2, 1,005 nursery pigs (initially 14.1 kg BW) were used in a 28-d trial with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Pigs fed from the narrow feeder adjustment had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed from the wide adjustment with no differences in G: F. Pigs fed the meal diet had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs fed poor-quality or screened pellets. Pigs fed meal or poor-quality pellets had decreased (P < 0.05) G: F compared with pigs fed screened pellets. In Exp. 3, 246 pigs (initially 56.8 kg BW) were used in a 69-d trial with 5 pens per treatment and 6 or 7 pigs per pen. Overall, ADFI decreased (P < 0.05) and G: F increased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed from the narrow adjusted feeders compared with the wide adjustment with no differences in ADG. Overall, pigs fed meal diets tended to have decreased (P < 0.10) ADG and had decreased (P < 0.05) G: F compared with pigs fed screened pellets; ADG and G: F in those fed poor-quality pellets were intermediate. Feeding meal or poor-quality pellets increased (P < 0.05) ADFI compared with pigs fed screened pellets. In conclusion, feeding nursery pigs from a wide feeder gap may increase ADG and ADFI with no negative effects on G: F. For finishing pigs, reducing feeder gap reduced feed disappearance and improved G: F. In all experiments, the greatest G: F improvements from pelleting were observed when the percentage of fines was minimized

Effects of Increasing Chloride Concentrations on Growth Performance of 15- to 25-lb Nursery Pigs

A total of 300 nursery pigs (initially 15.5 lb; Line 241 × 600; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a 21-d trial to determine effects of increasing dietary Cl on nursery pig growth performance. Upon entry to the nursery, pigs were allotted by BW and fed a common starter diet (0.33% Na and 0.76% Cl) for 7 d. On d 7 after weaning, considered d 0 in the trial, pens were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments that were fed from d 0 to 14. Experimental treatments included a control diet containing 0.33% Na and 0.55% Cl provided by 0.78% added salt, or 5 diets with 0.33% Na and added potassium chloride to provide 0.09, 0.21, 0.32, 0.45, or 0.55% Cl. A common diet (0.18% Na and 0.49% Cl) was then fed from d 14 to 21. From d 0 to 14, ADG, ADFI, and F/G improved (quadratic, P \u3c 0.05) as dietary Cl increased from 0.09 to 0.32% with no further benefits observed thereafter. Pigs fed the 0.55% Cl diet had greater (P \u3c 0.05) ADFI, but tended (P = 0.053) to have poorer F/G than pigs fed the control diet with 0.55% Cl from added salt. Pigs fed the control diet and the 0.55% Cl diet had similar ADG. When pigs were fed the common diet from d 14 to 21, ADG decreased (linear, P = 0.045) and ADFI increased (linear, P = 0.033) in pigs previously fed increasing dietary Cl concentration. Pigs previously fed increasing Cl concentration had poorer (quadratic, P \u3c 0.001) F/G. Pigs previously fed the 0.55% Cl diet had greater (P = 0.009) ADFI but tended (P = 0.059) to have poorer F/G than pigs previously fed the control diet with 0.55% Cl from added salt. There was no evidence of difference to indicate that previously feeding the control diet or the 0.55% Cl diet affected ADG. From d 0 to 21, ADG improved (quadratic, P = 0.002) as dietary Cl increased from 0.09 to 0.32% with no further benefits observed thereafter. Average daily feed intake increased (linear, P = 0.002) as dietary Cl increased. Pigs fed the 0.55% Cl diet had increased (P \u3c 0.05) ADFI but poorer F/G than pigs fed the control diet with no evidence of difference to indicate that dietary treatments affected ADG. In conclusion, results of this study indicate a dietary Cl concentration of 0.32% would optimize ADG, ADFI, and F/G of 15 to 25 lb pigs, which is slightly lower than the NRC current estimate of 0.45%

Overcoming Wnt–β-catenin dependent anticancer therapy resistance in leukaemia stem cells

Leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) underlie cancer therapy resistance but targeting these cells remains difficult. The Wnt–β-catenin and PI3K–Akt pathways cooperate to promote tumorigenesis and resistance to therapy. In a mouse model in which both pathways are activated in stem and progenitor cells, LSCs expanded under chemotherapy-induced stress. Since Akt can activate β-catenin, inhibiting this interaction might target therapy-resistant LSCs. High-throughput screening identified doxorubicin (DXR) as an inhibitor of the Akt–β-catenin interaction at low doses. Here we repurposed DXR as a targeted inhibitor rather than a broadly cytotoxic chemotherapy. Targeted DXR reduced Akt-activated β-catenin levels in chemoresistant LSCs and reduced LSC tumorigenic activity. Mechanistically, β-catenin binds multiple immune-checkpoint gene loci, and targeted DXR treatment inhibited expression of multiple immune checkpoints specifically in LSCs, including PD-L1, TIM3 and CD24. Overall, LSCs exhibit distinct properties of immune resistance that are reduced by inhibiting Akt-activated β-catenin. These findings suggest a strategy for overcoming cancer therapy resistance and immune escape

Adesão à terapia antiretroviral para HIV/AIDS

A não-adesão à terapêutica antiretroviral altamente eficaz (HAART) é considerada, no plano individual, como um dos mais ameaçadores perigos para a efetividade do tratamento da pessoa com HIV/aids e para a disseminação de vírus-resistência, no plano coletivo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, mediante revisão de literatura, os fatores de risco para não-adesão à HAART, além de agrupá-los e relacioná-los à pessoa em tratamento, à doença, ao tratamento e ao serviço de saúde e suporte social. A literatura aponta para a necessidade da realização de estudos que avaliem aspectos socioculturais, crenças, qualidade do serviço prestado, relações do cliente com a equipe multiprofissional e outros referentes à raça e aos efeitos colaterais dos anti-retrovirais. Estes estudos visam a favorecer o estabelecimento de estratégias que melhorem a adesão dos clientes à HAART, ao mesmo tempo em e que contribuem para a construção e exercício da cidadania

Effect of replacing fish meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance of nursery pigs from 15 to 25 lb

A total of 282 nursery pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 16.1 lb, 3 d postweaning) were used in a 28-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 7 replications per treatment. There were 5 replications with 7 pigs per pen and 2 replications with 6 pigs per pen. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and F/G. A 2-phase diet series was used, with treatment diets fed from d 0 to 14 and a common diet fed from d 14 to 28. All diets were in meal form. For the 6 dietary treatments, the fish meal was included at: 4.50, 3.60, 2.70, 1.80, 0.90, and 0.00% respectively. Crystalline lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and valine all increased as fish meal decreased to maintain minimum amino acid ratios. Also, increasing amounts of glutamine and glycine were used in diets containing 3.60% to 0.00% fish meal to maintain a lysine-to-CP ratio. From d 0 to 14, there was no difference (P > 0.29) in ADG, ADFI, or F/G as the level of fish meal decreased and crystalline amino acids increased. From d 14 to 28 (common diet period), no clear effects (P > 0.09) on growth performance were detected. Overall (d 0 to 28), there was no difference (P > 0.16) in ADG or ADFI. For F/G, a quadratic effect (P < 0.04) was detected, which was the result of small improvements in F/G at the intermediate fish meal levels (2.70 and 1.80). In conclusion, these data suggest that crystalline amino acids, when balanced for minimum amino acid ratios, can be used to replace fish meal in diets for 15- to 25-lb pigs