Un centro excéntrico. Cambio y continuidad en la democracia cristiana 1957-2005

Este artículo analiza comparadamente el cambio y continuidad que se produce en la Democracia Cristiana chilena entre la vieja democracia existente hasta 1973, y la redemocratización a partir de 1990. Para lograr este objetivo se parte analizando el lugar que ocupa este partido en la teoría de partidos

El caso La Polar. Los desafíos de resguardar la fe pública

El caso de la multitienda “La Polar”, mostró los problemas que tienen las instituciones regulatorias y fiscalizadoras en Chile, dadas sus escasas atribuciones y el de las empresas auditoras y agencias acreditadoras de riesgo que pusieron en cuestión sus reputaciones al no detectar las irregularidades que por años se estaban llevando a cabo. El impacto en la opinión pública generó cambios que de otra mera difícilmente se podrían haber realizado en el mercado del retail

Refugio.

The concept of refuge conceptually speaking has multiple implications for governments and migrants in that condition or pursuing the recognition of that condition. Based on the available literature analysis it is shown that the definitions are not neutral and have effects on refugees lives since it generates laws, policies, plans and programs that shape and constrain the institutionalize responses.El concepto de refugio tiene conceptualmente hablando múltiples implicancias para los gobiernos y las personas que migran en esa condición o buscan que se les reconozca dicha condición. A partir de un análisis de la literatura disponible se muestra que las definiciones no son neutras y tienen implicancias sobre la vida de los refugiados ya que generan leyes, políticas, planes y programas que modelan y restringen las respuestas institucionalizadas

EFECTO DEL NIM (Azadirachta indica JUSS.) SOBRE Bemisia tabaci GENNADIUS (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) Y CONTROLADORES BIOLÓGICOS EN EL CULTIVO DEL MELÓN Cucumis melo L.

Esta investigación se realizó en Lodana, cantón Santa Ana, provincia de Manabí, durante los meses de octubre a diciembre del 2005, a nivel de campo e invernadero. Se estudió el efecto de derivados del árbol de nim sobre las poblaciones de la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci y sus controladores biológicos, además del efecto disuasivo de estas sustancias en la oviposición de B. tabaci en el cultivo de melón. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar en arreglo grupal, con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos estudiados fueron extracto acuoso de semillas de nim en dosis de 25; 50; 75 y 100 g L−1 y aceite formulado de nim (INBIO-75 R ) en dosis de 2,50; 5,00; 7,50 y 10,00mL L−1. Además se incluyó un testigo químico (imidacloprid 1mL L−1) y un testigo con aplicaciones de agua. Se determinó, que de los extractos acuosos, la dosis de 100 g L−1 fue el tratamiento más eficaz, sólo superado por el testigo químico en el control de ninfas y adultos de B. tabaci. Los compuestos de nim no tuvieron influencia sobre las poblaciones de depredadores. En el caso de los parasitoides, su población fue menor en las parcelas tratadas con nim. El testigo químico, fue el tratamiento que obtuvo elmejor rendimiento,mientras los tratamientos con nimtuvieron rendimientos superiores al testigo con agua. La prueba de invernadero sugiere un efecto disuasivo de los derivados del nim sobre la oviposición. // This researchwas carried out in Lodana, Santa Ana, Manabí fromOctober to December of 2005, in order to determine the effect of neem compounds on the populations of Bemisia tabaci and their biological controllers in melon crop. It used a completely randomized block design whit a group arrangement with four repetitions. The treatments had aqueous extract from neem seeds in dosages of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g L−1 and formulated oil of neem seeds (INBIO- 75 R ) in dosages of 2,50; 5,00; 7,50 and 10,00mL L−1; besides a chemical witness (Imidacloprid 1mL L−1) and an absolute witness (applications of water) were included. Both the aqueous extract and the formulated oil, reduced the populations of eggs, nymphs and adults of B. tabaci, being the aqueous extract in dosage of 100 g L−1 the most effective treatment, although it was overcome by the chemical witness in the nymphs and adults control.With regard to the effect on the natural enemies, the neem compounds did not have influence on the predatory populations, in the case of parasitoids, their population was minor in the plots with neem. The chemical witness was the treatment that obtained the best result however the treatments with neem had superior yields than the witness treatment. The results of the test carried out in greenhouse, suggest the dissuasive effect of neem compounds on the oviposition of B. tabaci

The Distrustful Society. The disussion in the Nineties

La desconfianza existente en la esfera pública, que se expresa a nivel interpersonal en los empresarios, partidos y ante el Estado, genera fuertes limitaciones al establecimiento de una cultura cívica que fortalezca la democracia presente. A treinta años de su retorno y a través de un análisis de la literatura disponible, se analiza la década de los noventa bajo la hipótesis que en esa época se desarrolló buena parte de la discusión sobre los problemas desconfianza, capital social y virtudes republicanas que afectan nuestra modelo de democracia.The existent mistrust in the public sphere, expressed at the interpersonal level on entrepreneurs, parties and State, produces strong limitations to the settlement of a civic culture that strengthen the present democracy. After thirty years from return to democracy, and through disposable literature review, the nineties are analyzed based on the hypothesis in that time grew the discussion of the mistrust issues, social capital and republican virtues that affects our model of democracy

Estrategia y racionalidad de los candidatos presidenciales en las elecciones peruanas del 2011: por qué cuatro son menos que uno

Un sistema de partidos escasamente institucionalizado y una gran volatilidad del electorado es el marco en el que se han desarrollado las elecciones peruanas hace varias décadas. A partir de un estudio de caso que analiza las estrategias y racionalidad política de los candidatos, demostramos que el triunfo de Ollanta Humala se explica sobre la base de la no cooperación entre sí de los contendores de derecha en la primera vuelta, el aprendizaje del hoy presidente que lo llevó a moderar su discurso y al fracaso de la estrategia del fujimorismo de encantar al centro político.A poorly institutionalized party system and a high volatility of the electorate is the setting in which Peruvian elections have been developed for decades. From a case study that analyzes the strategies and political rationality of the candidates, we demonstrate that the triumph of Ollanta Humala is explained by the non-cooperation among the right wing candidates in the first round, the learning of Humala that led him to moderate his speech, and the failure of the strategy of ‘fujimorism’ to enchant the political centerUm sistema de partidos pouco institucionalizadas e uma alta volatilidade do eleitorado é o quadro no qual tem se desenvolvido as eleições peruanas há várias décadas. A partir de um estudo de caso que analisa as estratégias e a racionalidade política dos candidatos, demonstramos que a vitória de Ollanta Humala explica-sesobre a base da não-cooperação entre os candidatos da direita na primeira rodada, a aprendizagemdo atual presidente que o levou a moderar seu discursoe o fracasso da estratégia de Fujimori para encantar ao centro político

Optimization of SOFC Composite Cathodes Based on LSM and Doped Cerias Ce0.8Ln0.2O2 (Ln = Gd, Er, Tb and Pr)

[EN] Composites made of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-delta (LSM) and lanthanide doped ceria (Ce(0.8)Ln(0.2)O(2-delta), Ln = Gd, Er, Tb and Pr) have been proposed as robust and high-performing solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. The addition of small amounts of highly-dispersed CoOx into the electrode promoted the formation of bridges among LSM-ceria particles. These resulted in the reduction of the required sintering temperature due to the enhancement of the sintering and proper ionic and electronic percolation pathways. In addition, Pr as a multivalent cation dopant in ceria showed the best electrochemical results toward oxygen reduction when the electrode sintering temperature is kept at 1000 degrees C. (C) 2016 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.This work was supported by funding from Spanish Government (MINECO) (SEV-2012-0267 and ENE2014-57651 grants).Navarrete Algaba, L.; Balaguer Ramírez, M.; Vert Belenguer, VB.; Serra Alfaro, JM. (2016). Optimization of SOFC Composite Cathodes Based on LSM and Doped Cerias Ce0.8Ln0.2O2 (Ln = Gd, Er, Tb and Pr). Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 163(13):1440-1443. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1081613jesS144014431631

Redox stability and electrochemical study of nickel doped chromites as anodes for H-2/CH4-fueled solid oxide fuel cells

[EN] The influence of nickel and strontium incorporation in LaCrO3 on the crystalline structure, redox behavior and electrochemical performance by impedance spectroscopy using symmetrical cells has been studied. Namely, the La1-xSrxCr1-yNiyO3-delta (x = 0, 0.15: y = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2) system was investigated. Structural and redox evolution has been monitored by X-ray diffraction in oxidized and reduced samples. Reduced samples kept the initial perovskite structure although metallic nickel nanoparticles were detected on the perovskite grain surface by TEM analysis. The re-oxidized surface did not present nickel particles, suggesting the nickel re-incorporation into perovskite lattice coupled with cation diffusion. The perovskites were tested as SOFC anodes and the polarization resistance depended on the nickel stoichiometry and the reduction temperature. La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.9Ni0.1O3-delta reduced at 800 degrees C showed the lowest polarization resistance, both in hydrogen and methane. In fact this composition showed a 20% methane conversion at 900 degrees C for the methane steam reforming in a fixed bed reactor. Tolerance to redox cycling was proved electrochemically by in situ treatments of La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.9Ni0.1O3-delta electrode. Materials were further analyzed by TPR and XPS (in oxidized and reduced state) in order to identify the possible species involved in the electrocatalytic processes. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Authors thank funding by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Grant FPI-UPV-2007-06), the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation (Project ENE2008-06302) and Generalitat Valenciana (Grant ACOMP2010/223). P. Concepcion has contributed to this work with the XPS measurements. N. Morlanes, S. Climent and M. Algarra are kindly acknowledged for the catalytic experiments.Vert Belenguer, VB.; Melo Faus, FV.; Navarrete Algaba, L.; Serra Alfaro, JM. (2012). Redox stability and electrochemical study of nickel doped chromites as anodes for H-2/CH4-fueled solid oxide fuel cells. Applied Catalysis B Environmental. 115:346-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.12.03334635611

Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilisation

According to the recent information, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere reached 402 ppm at the beginning of 2016. On the other hand, fossil fuels remain as the major source to produce energy. The International Energy Agency estimate that those fuels will remain as the most used source during coming decades