Morphological Disparity of the Humerus in Modern Birds

From a functional standpoint, the humerus is a key element in the skeleton of vertebrates as it is the forelimb's bone that connects with the pectoral girdle. In most birds, the humerus receives both the forces exerted by the main flight muscles and the aerodynamical stresses exerted upon the wing during locomotion. Despite this functional preeminence, broad scale studies of the morphological disparity of the humerus in the crown group of birds (Neornithes) are lacking. Here, we explore the variation in shape of the humeral outline in modern birds and its evolutionary relationship with size and the evolution of different functional regimes, including several flight strategies, wing propelled diving and complete loss of wing locomotory function. Our findings suggest that most neornithines evolved repeatedly towards a general humeral morphology linked with functional advantages related with more efficient flapping. Lineages evolving high-stress locomotion such as hyperaeriality (e.g., swifts), hovering (e.g., hummingbirds) and wing-propelled diving (e.g., penguins) greatly deviate from this general trend, each exploring different morphologies. Secondarily flightless birds deviate to a lesser degree from their parent clades in humeral morphology likely as a result of the release from constraints related with wing-based locomotion. Furthermore, these taxa show a different allometric trend that flighted birds. Our results reveal that the constraints of aerial and aquatic locomotion are main factors shaping the macroevolution of humeral morphology in modern birds

Determination and characterization of quinolones in foodstuffs of animal origin by CE-UV, LC-UV, LC-Fl, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS

In this work methods for the multiresidue determination of the series of quinolones include in the European regulation in food of animal origin are de veloped and validated in line with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC in terms of linearity, decision limit, capability detection, precision and stability. Mult iresidue methods were established to allow the determination of quinolones covered by EU legislation in 2377/90/EC in muscle of chicken, turkey, pig and cow, plasma of cow and pig, liver of pig and milk of cow. First an extraction step was optimized and a SPE step was applied to clean!up and preconcentrate quinolones prior to their separation by CE or LC and determination by CE!UV, LC!UV, LC!Fl, LC!MS with different ion sources (ESI ,ApCI) and different mass analyser (Q, ToF) and LC!E SI!QqQ tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of quantification obtained are always lower than Maxim um Residue Limit (MRL) established by EU for quinolones in animal products and they can be applied to the control of quinolones in foodstuffs of animal origin . Finally the proposed methods were applied to determine quinolones in samples of turkey and pig muscle, pig plasma and milk of cow. Excellent quality parameters and reduced time of analysis were obtained when LC!ESI!MS/MS is used, although the others techniques presented too satisfactory results

Development of a New Microextraction Fiber Combined to On-Line Sample Stacking Capillary Electrophoresis UV Detection for Acidic Drugs Determination in Real Water Samples

A new analytical method coupling a (off-line) solid-phase microextraction with an on-line capillary electrophoresis (CE) sample enrichment technique was developed for the analysis of ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid from water samples, which are known as contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic environments. New solid-phase microextraction fibers based on physical coupling of chromatographic supports onto epoxy glue coated needle were studied for the off-line preconcentration of these micropollutants. Identification and quantification of such acidic drugs were done by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using ultraviolet diode array detection (DAD). Further enhancement of concentration sensitivity detection was achieved by on-line CE “acetonitrile stacking” preconcentration technique. Among the eight chromatographic supports investigated, Porapak Q sorbent showed higher extraction and preconcentration capacities. The screening of parameters that influence the microextraction process was carried out using a two-level fractional factorial. Optimization of the most relevant parameters was then done through a surface response three-factor Box-Behnken design. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the three drugs ranged between 0.96 and 1.27 µg∙L−1 and 2.91 and 3.86 µg∙L−1, respectively. Recovery yields of approximately 95 to 104% were measured. The developed method is simple, precise, accurate, and allows quantification of residues of these micropollutants in Genil River water samples using inexpensive fibers.The Council of Scientific and Humanistic Development (abbreviated as CONDES in Spanish). The University Sector Planning Office (abbreviated as OPSU in Spanish) and the Research Division of the Engineering Faculty

Utilidad de los arquetipos ISO 13606 para representar modelos clínicos detallados

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de los Arquetipos ISO/CEN 13606 y openEHR en la representación de modelos clínicos detallados. Metodología: como editores de arquetipos se utilizaron LinkERH para ISO/CEN 13606 y los editores de Ocean Informatics y LiU para openEHR. Como caso de uso se representaron los conjuntos de datos identificados en los modelos locales de tres sistemas (hospital, UCI y atención primaria) en el dominio de la úlcera por decúbito, abarcando la observación, evaluación, instrucción y acción. Los conceptos fueron enlazados con terminologías SNOMED CT y MedDRA. Se buscaron arquetipos relacionados con el dominio en los repositorios internacionales para ser reutilizados. Resultados: Se realizó un conjunto de arquetipos equivalentes ISO/CEN 13606 y openEHR, en español e inglés. Los arquetipos proporcionan un formalismo útil para especificar datos de un modelo detallado. Los modelos producidos por las herramientas de edición de arquetipos son comprensibles para los clínicos. Los arquetipos proporcionan un marco para la implementación de las terminologías en la HCE. Se requiere el desarrollo de técnicas para el diseño de arquetipos que garanticen su calidad.Serrano, P.; Moner Cano, D.; Sebastian, T.; Maldonado Segura, JA.; Navalón, R.; Robles Viejo, M.; Gómez, Á. (2009). Utilidad de los arquetipos ISO 13606 para representar modelos clínicos detallados. RevistaeSalud.com. 5(18):100-110. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/61364S10011051

Bases de Schiff derivadas del saliciliden o aminofenol como reactivos para la determinación espectrofluorimetrica de trazas de Ga (III), In (III) y Be (II)

Se sintetizan y estudian bases de schiff derivadas del saliciliden-o-aminofenol como reactivos fluorogenicos para la determinacion de iones inorganicos. Se proponen métodos fluorimétricos para la determinación cuantitativa de ga(iii) in(iii) y be(ii). Mediante espectrofluorimetria de cambio iónico se propone un nuevo procedimiento operativo para la determinacion cuantitativa de ga(iii)Univ. Granada, Facultad de Ciencias. Leída el 19-12-198