Mitigation Emission Strategy Based on Resonances from a Power Inverter System in Electric Vehicles

Large dv/dt and di/dt outputs of power devices in the DC-fed motor power inverter can generate conducted and/or radiated emissions through parasitics that interfere with low voltage electric systems in electric vehicles (EVs) and nearby vehicles. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters, ferrite chokes, and shielding added in the product process based on the black box approach can reduce the emission levels in a specific frequency range. However, these countermeasures may also introduce an unexpected increase in EMI noises in other frequency ranges due to added capacitances and inductances in filters resonating with elements of the power inverter, and even increase the weight and dimension of the power inverter system in EVs with limited space. In order to predict the interaction between the mitigation techniques and power inverter geometry, an accurate model of the system is needed. A power inverter system was modeled based on series of two-port network measurements to study the impact of EMI generated by power devices on radiated emission of AC cables. Parallel resonances within the circuit can cause peaks in the S21 (transmission coefficient between the phase-node-to-chassis voltage and the center-conductor-to-shield voltage of the AC cable connecting to the motor) and Z11 (input impedance at Port 1 between the Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) phase node and chassis) at those resonance frequencies and result in enlarged noise voltage peaks at Port 1. The magnitude of S21 between two ports was reduced to decrease the amount of energy coupled from the noise source between the phase node and chassis to the end of the AC cable by lowering the corresponding quality factor. The equivalent circuits were built by analyzing current-following paths at three critical resonance frequencies. Interference voltage peaks can be suppressed by mitigating the resonances. The capacitances and inductances generating the parallel resonances and responsible elements were determined by the calculation through the equivalent circuits. A combination of mitigation strategies including adding common-mode (CM) ferrite chokes through the Y-caps and the AC bus bar was designed to mitigate the resonances at 6 MHz, 11 MHz, and 26 MHz related to the CM conducted emission by IGBT switching and the radiated emission of the AC cable. The values of Z11 decreased respectively by 15 dB at 6 MHz, 0.4 dB at 11 MHz, and 11.5 dB at 26 MHz and the values of S21 decreased respectively by 8.6 dB at 6 MHz, 7 dB at 11 MHz, and 6.3 dB at 26 MHz. An equivalent model of the power inverter system for real-time simulation in time domain was built to validate the mitigation strategy in simulation software PSPICE

Modelling effects of phytobiotic administration on coherent responses to Salmonella infection in laying hens

Practice of layer poultry farming and commercial egg production relies on the optimal use and improvement of the welfare and genetically determined functional abilities of laying hens, their efficient intake of feed and its components, adaptation to housing conditions and resistance to infectious diseases including salmonellosis. Previous studies were focussed on relationships of chicken performance and resistance with the expression profiles of individual genes involved in metabolic processes and immune system, or with genetic markers that can be closely associated with these processes in chickens. In this study, mathematical models of coherent changes in laying hens were developed for the expression of eight genes involved in immunity and metabolism, on the one hand, and biochemical and immunological blood parameters, on the other hand, in response to Salmonella infection and administration of a phytobiotic Intebio. The proposed modelling approach can be a further basis for an in-depth research of the relationship between the gene expression, functional state and welfare of poultry, impact of pathogenic microorganisms and use of immunomodulatory drugs

Disentangling clustering configuration intricacies for divergently selected chicken breeds

Divergently selected chicken breeds are of great interest not only from an economic point of view, but also in terms of sustaining diversity of the global poultry gene pool. In this regard, it is essential to evaluate the classification (clustering) of varied chicken breeds using methods and models based on phenotypic and genotypic breed differences. It is also important to implement new mathematical indicators and approaches. Accordingly, we set the objectives to test and improve clustering algorithms and models to discriminate between various chicken breeds. A representative portion of the global chicken gene pool including 39 different breeds was examined in terms of an integral performance index, i.e., specific egg mass yield relative to body weight of females. The generated dataset was evaluated within the traditional, phenotypic and genotypic classification/clustering models using the k-means method, inflection points clustering, and admixture analysis. The latter embraced SNP genotype datasets including a specific one focused on the performance-associated NCAPG-LCORL locus. The k-means and inflection points analyses showed certain discrepancies between the tested models/submodels and flaws in the produced cluster configurations. On the other hand, 11 core breeds were identified that were shared between the examined models and demonstrated more adequate clustering and admixture patterns. These findings will lay the foundation for future research to improve methods for clustering as well as genome- and phenomewide association/mediation analyses

Selection-driven chicken phenome and phenomenon of pectoral angle variation across different chicken phenotypes

An appreciation of the synergy between genome and phenome of poultry breed is essential for a complete understanding of their biology. Phenotypic traits are shaped under the influence of artificial, production-oriented, selection that often acts contrary to that which would occur during natural selection. In this comparative study, we analysed the phenotypic diversity of 39 chicken breeds and populations that make up a significant part of the world gene pool. Grouping patterns of breeds found within the traditional, phenotypic models of their classification/clustering required in-depth analysis using sophisticated mathematical approaches. As a result of studying performance and conformation phenotypes, a phenomenon of previously underestimated variability in pectoral angle (PA) was revealed. Moreover, patterns of PA relationship with productive traits were analysed. We propose using PA measurement as a promising new auxiliary index for selecting hens and roosters of breeding flocks in egg production improvement programs

Multi-polaron solutions, nonlocal effects and internal modes in a nonlinear chain

Multipolaron solutions were studied in the framework of the Holstein one-dimensional molecular crystal model. The study was performed in the continuous limit where the crystal model maps into the nonlinear Schrödinger equation for which a new periodic dnoidal solution was found for the multipolaron system. In addition, the stability of the multi-polaron solutions was examined, and it was found that  cnoidal and dnoidal solutions stabilize in different ranges of the parameter space. Moreover, the model was studied under the influence of nonlocal effects and the polaronic dynamics was described in terms of internal solitonic modes

Cyclone design for systems processing gypsum-bearing waste

The processing of gypsum-bearing industrial waste is of great importance since its proliferation consumes valuable land and poses an environmental hazard. However, such waste is also promising for use in the production of commercial goods in various economic sectors. A uniform processing approach is impractical in view of the divergent physicochemical properties of industrial waste. The present work discusses the design of cyclones suitable for use in recycling gypsum-bearing industrial waste

Prediction of Common-Mode Current Reduction using Ferrites in Systems with Cable Harnesses

Bulk ferrite chokes are widely used to reduce common-mode (CM) currents on system harnesses. The impact of the ferrite on the CM currents depends on a variety of factors and is difficult to predict. A simple closed-form analytical model of the CM impedance of the ferrite that allows efficient evaluation of the impact of the ferrite is considered. In order to apply this model to a real active power system with cable harnesses, information about the system\u27s CM loop impedance is measured using the minimally-invasive dual current clamp method. The predicted impact of the ferrite on the CM loop impedance of the system and the CM currents on the harness showed reasonable agreement with measurements in both a simple passive test setup and in a real active system

Common-Mode Impedance of a Ferrite Toroid on a Cable Harness

Ferrite toroids (or clamps) are widely used to reduce common-mode (CM) currents in power systems. The CM impedance of the ferrite depends on the frequency-dispersive permeability and permittivity of the ferrite, the geometry of the system, and the location of the ferrite in it. An analytical model was developed to predict the CM impedance of a wire harness above a return plane with a ferrite on it. The model is based on transmission line theory for a cable, a ferrite, and a return plane. The parameters of the model are calculated using a frequency-dependent quasistatic model for a ferrite toroid. This model accurately predicts the CM impedance of a mock harness within 3 dB up to 1 GHz. The proposed model is also applied to a real power system consisting of an inverter and a motor. Knowledge of the CM impedance of the system in the operating regime is critical to determining the impact of the ferrite on CM currents. The CM impedance is determined using the dual current clamp technique. The impact of the ferrite on the CM impedance and currents of the power inverter system was predicted within 3 dB, demonstrating the usefulness of the modelling approach for analysis of power systems