Die Aufbereitung von kommunalem Abwasser druch Anwendung der Membranverfahren für die Bewässerung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen

Komunalna otpadna voda obrađena je hibridnim procesom koji se sastojao od membranskog bioreaktora (MBR), nanofiltracije (NF) i reverzne osmoze (RO) te je procijenjena primjena RO/NF permeata za navodnjavanje poljoprivrednih površina. Električna provodnost, mutnoća, koncentracija suspendiranih čestica i kemijska potrošnja kisika smanjeni su s MBR-om za prosječno 19,1 %, 99,8 %, 100,0 % i 96,7 %. Dodatnom obradom MBR permeata s RO/NF membranama sniženi su svi parametri gdje je reverzno osmotska XLE membrana pokazala najveće smanjenje praćenih parametara, a nanofiltracijska NF270 najmanje. RO/NF permeati zadovoljavaju upute Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije uz prilagodbu električne provodnosti i natrijevog adsorpcijskog indeksa dodavanjem kalcijevih soli ili miješanjem MBR efluenta s permeatom NF270 membrane u omjeru 50:50. Prema uputama Europske unije RO/NF permeati spadaju u Klasu A kvalitete oporabljene vode.The urban waste water treatment was a hybrid process that included a membrane bioreactor (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The application of RO/NF permeates for irrigation of agricultural land was assessed. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, concentration of suspended particles and chemical oxygen demand were reduced when using MBR by 19.1 %, 99.8 %, 100.0 % and 96.7 % on average. Additional treatment of MBR permeates using RO/NF membranes resulted in a reduction of all parameters. The reverse osmosis XLE membrane caused the biggest reduction in all monitored parameters, and the nanofiltration NF270 membrane caused the least. RO/NF permeates comply with the instructions of the World Health Organization, with adaptation of the electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio by the addition of calcium salts or mixing the MBR effluent with the permeate of the NF270 membrane in a 50:50 ratio. According to the European Union instructions, RO/NF permeates belong to Class A quality of reused water.Kommunales Abwasser wurde durch Anwendung eines Hybridverfahrens behandelt, das Membranbioreaktor, Nanofiltration und Umkehrosmose kombinierte, und die Anwendung des in Umkehrosmose und Nanofiltration produzierten Permeats für die landwirtschaftliche Bewässerung wurde beurteilt. Elektrische Leitfähigkeit, Trübheit, Schwebeteilchenkonzentration und chemischer Sauerstoffverbrauch wurden mit dem Einsatz des Membranbioreaktors durchschnittlich um 19,1%, 99,8%, 100,0% und 96,7% reduziert. Nach der zusätzlichen Filtration des durch den Membranreaktor filtrierten Permeats durch die Umkehrosmose- und Nanofiltrationsmembranen wurden alle Parameter reduziert, wobei die Membran XLE in der Umkehrosmose die höchste Reduzierung der beobachteten Parameter und die Membran NF270 in der Nanofiltration die kleinste Reduzierung zeigte. Die in der Umkehrosmose und der Nanofiltration produzierten Permeate erfüllen die Richtlinien der Weltgesundheitsorganisation mit der Anpassung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und des Natriumadsorptionsverhältnisses durch Zusatz von Kalziumsalzen oder durch Mischen des Abwassers im Membranreaktor mit Permeat aus der Nanofiltration mit der Membran NF270 im Mischverhältnis von 50:50. Nach den Anweisungen der Europäischen Union gehören die in der Umkehrosmose und Nanofiltration produzierten Permeate zur Güteklasse A des aufbereiteten Wassers

DYNAMICS OF NITRATES, PHOSPHATES AND DETERGENTS IN THE UNDERGROUND WATER OF MEDJIMURJE COUNTY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Na području Međimurja nalaze se izdašna nalazišta podzemnih voda visoke kakvoće. Podzemne vode crpe se za pitku vodu na dva vodocrpilišta – Nedelišće (šest zdenaca) i Prelog (dva zdenca). U radu su istraživani pokazatelji antropogenog utjecaja na podzemne vode: sadržaj nitrata, fosfata i deterdženata. Analizirani su podaci o laboratorijski utvrđenom sadržaju nitrata, fosfata i deterdženata u podzemnoj vodi od 2006. – 2014. godine na vodocrpilištima Nedelišće i Prelog, prikupljeni podaci o količini oborina i razini podzemnih voda. Voda iz vodocrpilišta Nedelišće sadrži manje koncentracije nitrata u odnosu na onu iz vodocrpilišta Prelog. Od 2006. do 2010. godine koncentracija nitrata bila je u stalnom opadanju. Poslije otkupa zemljišta i uzgoja djeteline na vodocrpilištu Nedelišće došlo je do značajnog smanjenja koncentracije nitrata u vodi. Poplave i oborine 2011. do 2014. godine imale su za posljedicu povećanje koncentraciju nitrata (do 12 mg/L). Blizina naselja (zdenac 2, Nedelišće) i intenzivna poljoprivreda (Prelog) povećavaju razinu nitrata. Utvrđene vrijednosti svih analiziranih pokazatelja nalaze se ispod maksimalno dozvoljene koncentracije.Medjimurje county is rich in ground waters. Ground waters are exploited within two water wells – Nedelišće (six wells) and Prelog (two wells). In this paper we investigated some of the main parameters of anthropogenic origin in ground waters: nitrates, phosphates and detergents. We analysed these parameters in a period from 2006 to 2014, on both water wells; Nedelišće and Prelog. We also analysed the influence of the precipitation (quantity and distribution) and flood on ground waters and their correlation with measured parameters. Nitrate concentrations in water well Nedelišće obtained lower concentration compared to water well Prelog. In a period from 2006 to 2010 nitrate concentrations were constantly decreasing. From 2011 to 2014 floods and precipitations caused increase of nitrate concentrations (up to 12 mg/L). The highest nitrate concentrations were observed in well closest to the inhabited area (Nedelišće) and in the area with the intensive agricultural production (Prelog). All investigated parameter concentrations were below maximum acceptable – tolerant concentration

Die Aufbereitung von kommunalem Abwasser druch Anwendung der Membranverfahren für die Bewässerung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen

Komunalna otpadna voda obrađena je hibridnim procesom koji se sastojao od membranskog bioreaktora (MBR), nanofiltracije (NF) i reverzne osmoze (RO) te je procijenjena primjena RO/NF permeata za navodnjavanje poljoprivrednih površina. Električna provodnost, mutnoća, koncentracija suspendiranih čestica i kemijska potrošnja kisika smanjeni su s MBR-om za prosječno 19,1 %, 99,8 %, 100,0 % i 96,7 %. Dodatnom obradom MBR permeata s RO/NF membranama sniženi su svi parametri gdje je reverzno osmotska XLE membrana pokazala najveće smanjenje praćenih parametara, a nanofiltracijska NF270 najmanje. RO/NF permeati zadovoljavaju upute Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije uz prilagodbu električne provodnosti i natrijevog adsorpcijskog indeksa dodavanjem kalcijevih soli ili miješanjem MBR efluenta s permeatom NF270 membrane u omjeru 50:50. Prema uputama Europske unije RO/NF permeati spadaju u Klasu A kvalitete oporabljene vode.The urban waste water treatment was a hybrid process that included a membrane bioreactor (MBR), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The application of RO/NF permeates for irrigation of agricultural land was assessed. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, concentration of suspended particles and chemical oxygen demand were reduced when using MBR by 19.1 %, 99.8 %, 100.0 % and 96.7 % on average. Additional treatment of MBR permeates using RO/NF membranes resulted in a reduction of all parameters. The reverse osmosis XLE membrane caused the biggest reduction in all monitored parameters, and the nanofiltration NF270 membrane caused the least. RO/NF permeates comply with the instructions of the World Health Organization, with adaptation of the electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio by the addition of calcium salts or mixing the MBR effluent with the permeate of the NF270 membrane in a 50:50 ratio. According to the European Union instructions, RO/NF permeates belong to Class A quality of reused water.Kommunales Abwasser wurde durch Anwendung eines Hybridverfahrens behandelt, das Membranbioreaktor, Nanofiltration und Umkehrosmose kombinierte, und die Anwendung des in Umkehrosmose und Nanofiltration produzierten Permeats für die landwirtschaftliche Bewässerung wurde beurteilt. Elektrische Leitfähigkeit, Trübheit, Schwebeteilchenkonzentration und chemischer Sauerstoffverbrauch wurden mit dem Einsatz des Membranbioreaktors durchschnittlich um 19,1%, 99,8%, 100,0% und 96,7% reduziert. Nach der zusätzlichen Filtration des durch den Membranreaktor filtrierten Permeats durch die Umkehrosmose- und Nanofiltrationsmembranen wurden alle Parameter reduziert, wobei die Membran XLE in der Umkehrosmose die höchste Reduzierung der beobachteten Parameter und die Membran NF270 in der Nanofiltration die kleinste Reduzierung zeigte. Die in der Umkehrosmose und der Nanofiltration produzierten Permeate erfüllen die Richtlinien der Weltgesundheitsorganisation mit der Anpassung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und des Natriumadsorptionsverhältnisses durch Zusatz von Kalziumsalzen oder durch Mischen des Abwassers im Membranreaktor mit Permeat aus der Nanofiltration mit der Membran NF270 im Mischverhältnis von 50:50. Nach den Anweisungen der Europäischen Union gehören die in der Umkehrosmose und Nanofiltration produzierten Permeate zur Güteklasse A des aufbereiteten Wassers

Study of Physicochemical Indicators of Water Quality

U ovom su radu analizirani fizikalno-kemijski pokazatelji kakvoće otpadnih voda (kemijska potrošnja kisika (KPK), biokemijska potrošnja kisika (BPK5), koncentracija suspendiranih tvari) tijekom ljetnih mjeseci (lipanj, srpanj i kolovoz) 2013. i 2014. godine na centralnom uređaju za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda Čakovec, koji je predviđen za drugi stupanj pročišćavanja. Ljetni mjeseci 2014. godine ne pokazuju značajnija odstupanja vrijednosti pojedinih pokazatelja, ali u odnosu na iste mjesece u 2013. godini srednje mjesečne vrijednosti znatno su niže i nalaze se unutar dopuštenih maksimalnih koncentracija. Rezultati za lipanj, srpanj i kolovoz 2013. i 2014. godine ukazuju na učinkovito pročišćavanje otpadnih voda na pročistaču.This paper analyses the physicochemical indicators of wastewater quality (chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), concentrations of suspended solids) during the summer months (June, July and August) in 2013 and 2014 in the wastewater treatment plant Čakovec, which is designed for secondary wastewater treatment. The summer months of 2014 do not show significant deviations in the values of certain indicators, but compared with the same months in 2013, the average monthly values are much lower and within the permitted maximum. Results in June, July, and August 2013 and 2014 indicated efficient wastewater treatment

Surfactants: Methods for determination and removal of surfactants in environment

Površinski aktivne tvari ili tenzidi su tvari koje smanjuju površinsku napetost tekućina. Iako je danas većina tenzida biorazgradiva i ekološki prihvatljiva važno ih je kvantificirati jer lako dospijevaju u okoliš i zbog svojih svojstava imaju toksično djelovanje na organizme, sprječavaju razmjenu kisika na površini, te se akumuliraju u mikroorganizmima, biljkama, životinjama, sedimentu i tlu. Analitičke metode kojima se određuju tenzidi mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko skupina: titracijske (vizualne, potenciometrijske, tenzidimetrijske, turbidimetrijske), spektrofotometrijske (MBAS-metoda), kromatografske (tekućinska kromatografija visoke djelotvornosti-HPLC, tankoslojna kromatografija, plinska), analiza injektiranjem u protok i dr. Uklanjanje površinski aktivnih tvari iz vode provodi se na uređajima za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda fizikalno-kemijskim i biološkim postupcima dok se u kanalizacijskom sustavu i okolišu odvija se biorazgradnja tenzida.Surfactants reduce the surface tension of liquids. Surfactants are mostily biodegradable and environmentally friendly, it is still important to quantify them because they can easily reach the environment and couse toxic effects in organisms, they are a barier for surface oxygene exchange, and they accumulate in microorganisms, plants, animals, sediment and soil. Analytical methods usualy used for surfactant analysis are: titrations (visual, potentiometric, tensidimetric, turbidimetric), spectrophotometric (MBAS-method), chromatographic (high performance liquid chromatography-HPLC, thin layer chromatography), flow-injection methods, etc. Removal of surfactants from waters is carried out on wastewater treatment plants by physico-chemical and biological processes and trough the biodegradation in the sawage system and in environment

Utjecaj površinski aktivnih tvari na okoliš

Površinski aktivne tvari ili tenzidi su tvari koje smanjuju površinsku napetost tekućine. Sastoje se od hidrofilnoga i hidrofobnoga dijela i upravo zbog toga imaju tendenciju skupljanja na granici dviju faza. Velika primjena površinski aktivnih tvari u različitim granama industrije i kućanstvu potaknula je pitanje o utjecaju tenzida na okoliš, ali i na ljudsko zdravlje. Zbog sve veće primjene tenzida raste i njihova potreba za proizvodnjom pa godišnja svjetska proizvodnja tenzida iznosi oko 23 milijuna tona. Prema hidrofilnim skupinama unutar strukture tenzida dijele se na: anionske, kationske, neionske i amfolitske. Iako je danas većina tenzida biorazgradiva i ekološki prihvatljiva važno ih je kvantificirati jer svojim svojstvima lako dospijevaju u okoliš. Njihov najveći problem je toksično djelovanje, akumulacija u mikroorganizmima, biljkama, životinjama, sedimentu i tlu. Muljem i tekućinama dospijevaju u tla, a nepoznatim putem u atmosferu

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS

Apparent cross-infection with a single strain of Malassezia pachydermatis on a pig farm

Twenty-nine isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis were recovered from a single farm of 100 pigs in Croatia. In contrast, 290 farm pigs from other locations (northern parts of Croatia and Slovenia) yielded only two non-lipid dependent isolates of M. pachydermatis using the same swabbing procedure. Ten of the 29 isolates from a single farm had their identity confirmed by karyotyping, and were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. All but one of these isolates sub-typed were indistinguishable, one isolate produced a slightly different RFLP profile. Control isolates recovered from dog skin gave RFLP profiles that were easily distinguished from those produced by the pig isolates. These results suggest that a single strain of M. pachydermatis had colonised this pig herd