6,956 research outputs found
Modelling cytoskeletal traffic: an interplay between passive diffusion and active transport
We introduce the totally asymmetric exclusion process with Langmuir kinetics
(TASEP-LK) on a network as a microscopic model for active motor protein
transport on the cytoskeleton, immersed in the diffusive cytoplasm. We discuss
how the interplay between active transport along a network and infinite
diffusion in a bulk reservoir leads to a heterogeneous matter distribution on
various scales. We find three regimes for steady state transport, corresponding
to the scale of the network, of individual segments or local to sites. At low
exchange rates strong density heterogeneities develop between different
segments in the network. In this regime one has to consider the topological
complexity of the whole network to describe transport. In contrast, at moderate
exchange rates the transport through the network decouples, and the physics is
determined by single segments and the local topology. At last, for very high
exchange rates the homogeneous Langmuir process dominates the stationary state.
We introduce effective rate diagrams for the network to identify these
different regimes. Based on this method we develop an intuitive but generic
picture of how the stationary state of excluded volume processes on complex
networks can be understood in terms of the single-segment phase diagram.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure
The role of long-range forces in the phase behavior of colloids and proteins
The phase behavior of colloid-polymer mixtures, and of solutions of globular
proteins, is often interpreted in terms of a simple model of hard spheres with
short-ranged attraction. While such a model yields a qualitative understanding
of the generic phase diagrams of both colloids and proteins, it fails to
capture one important difference: the model predicts fluid-fluid phase
separation in the metastable regime below the freezing curve. Such demixing has
been observed for globular proteins, but for colloids it appears to be
pre-empted by the appearance of a gel. In this paper, we study the effect of
additional long-range attractions on the phase behavior of spheres with
short-ranged attraction. We find that such attractions can shift the
(metastable) fluid-fluid critical point out of the gel region. As this
metastable critical point may be important for crystal nucleation, our results
suggest that long-ranged attractive forces may play an important role in the
crystallization of globular proteins. However, in colloids, where refractive
index matching is often used to switch off long-ranged dispersion forces,
gelation is likely to inhibit phase separation.Comment: EURO-LATEX, 6 pages, 2 figure
Astrophotonic micro-spectrographs in the era of ELTs
The next generation of Extremely Large Telescopes (ELT), with diameters up to
39 meters, will start opera- tion in the next decade and promises new
challenges in the development of instruments. The growing field of
astrophotonics (the use of photonic technologies in astronomy) can partly solve
this problem by allowing mass production of fully integrated and robust
instruments combining various optical functions, with the potential to reduce
the size, complexity and cost of instruments. In this paper, we focus on
developments in integrated micro-spectrographs and their potential for ELTs. We
take an inventory of the identified technologies currently in development, and
compare the performance of the different concepts. We show that in the current
context of single-mode instruments, integrated spectrographs making use of,
e.g., a photonic lantern can be a solution to reach the desired performance.
However, in the longer term, there is a clear need to develop multimode devices
to improve overall the throughput and sensitivity, while decreasing the
instrument complexity.Comment: 9 pages. 2 figures. Proceeding of SPIE 9147 "Ground-based and
Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V
Computing the Least-core and Nucleolus for Threshold Cardinality Matching Games
Cooperative games provide a framework for fair and stable profit allocation
in multi-agent systems. \emph{Core}, \emph{least-core} and \emph{nucleolus} are
such solution concepts that characterize stability of cooperation. In this
paper, we study the algorithmic issues on the least-core and nucleolus of
threshold cardinality matching games (TCMG). A TCMG is defined on a graph
and a threshold , in which the player set is and the profit of
a coalition is 1 if the size of a maximum matching in
meets or exceeds , and 0 otherwise. We first show that for a TCMG, the
problems of computing least-core value, finding and verifying least-core payoff
are all polynomial time solvable. We also provide a general characterization of
the least core for a large class of TCMG. Next, based on Gallai-Edmonds
Decomposition in matching theory, we give a concise formulation of the
nucleolus for a typical case of TCMG which the threshold equals . When
the threshold is relevant to the input size, we prove that the nucleolus
can be obtained in polynomial time in bipartite graphs and graphs with a
perfect matching
Physiological function and catalytic versatility of bacterial multihaem cytochromescinvolved in nitrogen and sulfur cycling
Bacterial MCCs (multihaem cytochromes c) represent widespread respiratory electron-transfer proteins. In addition, some of them convert substrates such as nitrite, hydroxylamine, nitric oxide, hydrazine, sulfite, thiosulfate or hydrogen peroxide. In many cases, only a single function is assigned to a specific MCC in database entries despite the fact that an MCC may accept various substrates, thus making it a multifunctional catalyst that can play diverse physiological roles in bacterial respiration, detoxification and stress defence mechanisms. The present article briefly reviews the structure, function and biogenesis of selected MCCs that catalyse key reactions in the biogeochemical nitrogen and sulfur cycles
Imaging through turbulence with a quadrature-phase optical interferometer
We present an improved technique for imaging through turbulence at visible wavelengths using a rotation shearing pupil-plane interferometer, intended for astronomical and terrestrial imaging applications. While previous astronomical rotation shearing interferometers have made only visibility modulus measurements, this interferometer makes four simultaneous measurements on each interferometric baseline, with phase differences of π/2 between each measurement, allowing complex visibility measurements (modulus and phase) across the entire input pupil in a single exposure. This technique offers excellent wavefront resolution, allowing operation at visible wavelengths on large apertures, is potentially immune to amplitude fluctuations (scintillation), and may offer superior calibration capabilities to other imaging techniques. The interferometer has been tested in the laboratory under weakly aberrating conditions and at Palomar Observatory under ordinary astronomical observing conditions. This research is based partly on observations obtained at the Hale Telescope
Ag-coverage-dependent symmetry of the electronic states of the Pt(111)-Ag-Bi interface: The ARPES view of a structural transition
We studied by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy the strain-related
structural transition from a pseudomorphic monolayer (ML) to a striped
incommensurate phase in an Ag thin film grown on Pt(111). We exploited the
surfactant properties of Bi to grow ordered Pt(111)-xMLAg-Bi trilayers with 0 <
x < 5 ML, and monitored the dispersion of the Bi-derived interface states to
probe the structure of the underlying Ag film. We find that their symmetry
changes from threefold to sixfold and back to threefold in the Ag coverage
range studied. Together with previous scanning tunneling microscopy and
photoelectron diffraction data, these results provide a consistent microscopic
description of the coverage-dependent structural transition.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure
Exclusion processes on networks as models for cytoskeletal transport
We present a study of exclusion processes on networks as models for complex
transport phenomena and in particular for active transport of motor proteins
along the cytoskeleton. We argue that active transport processes on networks
spontaneously develop density heterogeneities at various scales. These
heterogeneities can be regulated through a variety of multi-scale factors, such
as the interplay of exclusion interactions, the non-equilibrium nature of the
transport process and the network topology.
We show how an effective rate approach allows to develop an understanding of
the stationary state of transport processes through complex networks from the
phase diagram of one single segment. For exclusion processes we rationalize
that the stationary state can be classified in three qualitatively different
regimes: a homogeneous phase as well as inhomogeneous network and segment
phases.
In particular, we present here a study of the stationary state on networks of
three paradigmatic models from non-equilibrium statistical physics: the totally
asymmetric simple exclusion process, the partially asymmetric simple exclusion
process and the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process with Langmuir
kinetics. With these models we can interpolate between equilibrium (due to
bi-directional motion along a network or infinite diffusion) and
out-of-equilibrium active directed motion along a network. The study of these
models sheds further light on the emergence of density heterogeneities in
active phenomena.Comment: 55 pages, 26 figure
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