ANTAGONISMO in vitro DE Trichoderma asperellum CONTRA Fusarium sp. AGENTE CAUSAL DE GOMOSIS EN CÍTRICOS

In this study, the antagonistic capacity of a strain of Trichoderma asperellum against Fusarium sp., was evaluated, which is identified as a causal agent of gummosis in Citrus sinensis. A completely random design was established, with three treatments (T1=T. asperellum versus Fusarium sp.; T2=T. asperellum; T3=Fusarium sp.) and 10 repetitions. The data for antagonism were obtained through the technique of dual cultures in potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium; and root growth inhibition percentages (RGIP) were obtained every 24 hours. The results indicated the degree of antagonism of T. asperellum (Ta15b), classifying it as 2 and 1 of the Bell scale, when confronting it against Fusarium sp.; the contact between hyphae was evident on the fourth day since being confronted. Significant differences were found (p?0.05) between the treatments; the RGIP varied from 71% to 86.6%. T. asperellum showed competition over space and nutrients against Fusarium sp. The results suggest that the first could be an effective biocontrol to reduce the radial growth of Fusarium sp.En esta investigación se evaluó la capacidad antagónica de una cepa de Trichoderma asperellum contra Fusarium sp., identificado como un agente causal de la gomosis en Citrus sinensis. Se estableció un diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos (T1=T. asperellum contra Fusarium sp.; T2=T. asperellum; T3=Fusarium sp.) y 10 repeticiones. Los datos de antagonismo se obtuvieron mediante la técnica de cultivos duales en medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA); y cada 24 horas se obtuvieron porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento radial (PICR). Los resultados indicaron el grado de antagonismo de T. asperellum (Ta15b), clasificándose en 2 y 1 de la escala de Bell, al enfrentarla contra Fusarium sp., el contacto entre hifas se presentó al cuarto día de haberse confrontado. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p?0.05) entre los tratamientos, el PICR varió de 71% a 86.6%. T. asperellum mostró competencia por espacio y nutrimentos frente a Fusarium sp. Los resultados sugieren que el primero podría ser un biocontrol efectivo para reducir el crecimiento radial de Fusarium sp

EL CULTIVO DE Gardenia jasminoides Ellis EN LA REGIÓN CENTRO DE VERACRUZ, MÉXICO

The central region of Veracruz, México, presents adequate agro-climatologic conditions for the cultivation of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). In recent years, an increase in the cultivated surface has been observed, although an impact from migration from productive zones has been shown, given that traditionally and historically the municipality of Fortín was considered the primary producer, and currently other municipalities where it is cultivated have been located, and they have become an important sourceof economic income. However, there is little information and studies about the cultivation of this species in México; therefore, the cultivation of gardenia was diagnosed and characterized in the central zone of Veracruz, through the technique of structured survey and questionnaire instrument considering socioeconomic factors that condition the gardenia system-product, with open and closed questions grouped into three sections that included: general information, technical and production aspects, andcommercialization. To locate the producers, field research was carried out during the period of April-July 2015, and the number of producers was calculated through the “snowball” non-probabilistic sample. The distribution of gardenia cultivation in seven municipalities was determined, which indicates a growth in the production zone; this represents an opportunity for agricultural diversification of the study region.La región central de Veracruz, México, presenta condiciones agro-climatológicas adecuadas para el cultivo de la gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis). En años recientes, se ha observado el incremento de la superficie cultivada, aunque se ve reflejado un efecto de migración de zonas productivas, dado que tradicional e históricamente se consideraba al municipio de Fortín, como el principal productor y en la actualidad se han localizado otros municipios donde se cultiva y se han convertido en importante fuente de ingresos económicos, sin embargo, existe poca información y estudios sobre el cultivo de esta especie en México, por ello, se diagnosticó y caracterizó el cultivo de la gardenia en la zona centro de Veracruz, mediante la técnica de encuesta estructurada e instrumento de cuestionario considerando factores socioeconómicos que condicionan al sistema-producto gardenia, con preguntas abiertas y cerradas agrupadas en tres secciones que incluyeron: Información general; Aspectos técnicos y de producción, y Comercialización. Para ubicar a los productores se realizó una investigación de campo en el período abriljulio de 2015 y se calculó el número de productores a través del muestreo no probabilístico “bola de nieve”. Se determinó la distribución del cultivo de gardenia en siete municipios; lo cual indica un crecimiento de la zona de producción; lo que representa una oportunidad de diversificación agrícola para la región de estudi

Free Form of the Foldy-Wouthuysen Transformation in External Electromagnetic Fields

We derive the exact Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation for Dirac fermions in a time independent external electromagnetic field in the basis of the Ritus eigenfunctions, namely the eigenfunctions of the operator $(\gamma \cdot \Pi)^2$, with $\Pi^\mu = p^\mu - e A^\mu$. In this basis, the transformation acquires a free form involving the dynamical quantum numbers induced by the field.Comment: 8 pages. Accepted in J. Phys. A: Math. and Theo. (Fast Track Communication

Molecular typing and antimicrobial resistance profiling of 33 mastitis-related Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows in the Comarca Lagunera region of Mexico

Mastitis in cows is a major cause of economic losses and it is commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus. Little is known about the S. aureus lineages causing mastitis in Mexican cattle. The aim of this study was to type S. aureus isolates causing mastitis in cows from the Comarca Lagunera region in Mexico in 2015-2016. Multi-locus variable number tandem repeat fingerprinting (MLVF) of 33 S. aureus isolates obtained from 210 milk samples revealed the MLVF clusters A (n = 1), B (n = 26), C (n = 5) and D (n = 1). Spa-typing showed that clusters A and B represent the spa-type t224, cluster C includes spa-types t3196 and t416, and cluster D represents spa-type t114. The different spa-types were mirrored by the masses of protein A bands as detected by Western blotting. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that one isolate was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, whereas all other strains were resistant only to benzylpenicillin. These findings show that only four S. aureus lineages, susceptible to most antimicrobials, were responsible for causing mastitis at the time of sampling. Lastly, many isolates carried the same small plasmid, designated pSAM1. The high prevalence of pSAM1 amongst the antimicrobial-susceptible isolates suggests an association with bovine colonization or mastitis rather than antimicrobial resistance

Health-care guidelines and policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: a case of health-inequalities

Background Heterogeneous government responses have been reported in reaction to COVID-19. The aim of this study is to generate an exploratory review of healthcare policies published during COVID-19 by health-care institutions in Mexico. Analyzing policies within different health sub-systems becomes imperative in the Mexican case due to the longstanding fragmentation of the health-care system and health inequalities. Data and Methods Policies purposely included in the analysis were published by four public health institutions (IMSS, ISSSTE, SSA and PEMEX) during the COVID-19 epidemic in Mexico (from February 29th to June 15th, 2020) on official institutional websites. Researchers reviewed each document and classified them into seven policy categories set by the Rapid Research Evaluation and Appraisal Lab (RREAL): public health response, health-care delivery, human resources, health-system infrastructure and supplies, clinical response, health-care management, and epidemiological surveillance. Results Policy types varied by health institution. The largest number of policies were aimed at public health responses followed by health-care delivery and human resources. Policies were mainly published during the community transmission phase. Conclusions The pandemic exposed underlying health-care system inequalities and a reactive rather than prepared response to the outbreak. Additionally, this study outlines potential policy gaps and delays in the response that could be avoided in the future

“PMA Sounds Fun”: Negotiating Drug Discourses Online

In 2007, a young woman, Annabel Catt, died after consuming a capsule sold as “ecstasy” that contained para-methoxyamphetamine. In this paper, we describe how this death was depicted in online drug-user communities and illustrate how the meanings of drug use are negotiated in online settings. News articles, public online discussions, and online fieldwork formed the data. This paper demonstrates how dominant drug discourses may be resisted by drug users, drawing on theories of health resistance and Kane Race’s concept of counter public health. Online environments may offer ways of engaging people who use drugs that acknowledge both pleasure and safety. The study’s limitations are noted

Adolescents opinions regarding Plato del Bien Comer Maya as nutrition health promotion tool

Conocer opiniones sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya de adolescentes de Cholul, Yucatán, para mejorar la herramienta comunicativa y utilizarla en actividades de promoción de la salud. Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo, de investigación formativa. Se realizaron tres grupos focales, participaron 28 adolescentes de secundaria: 12-16 años. Criterios de inclusión: pertenecer a alguno de los tres grados de la escuela y tener familias originarias del poblado. El análisis de los datos se realizó manualmente. Resultados. En comparación con el Plato del Bien Comer nacional, el Plato Maya fue mejor identificado por tener elementos locales a los que pueden acceder fácilmente y con costos menores. Se identificó la palabra fruto como una variación lingüística que representa en ese contexto tanto a las frutas como a las verduras. Conclusiones. Para tener mejores resultados en intervenciones nutricionales es necesario diseñar estrategias educativo-comunicativas acordes con la cultura local.To know opinions of adolescents from Cholul, Yucatán, about Plato del Bien Comer Maya in order to improve it as health promotion tool. Qualitative study, formative research. Three focus groups were carried out, participating 28 adolescents: 12-16 years old. Criteria of inclusion: studying middle school; to have native family from the town. Analysis of the data made manually. Results. Comparatively with the national Plato del Bien Comer, the Plato Maya was better identified because have local food products easier to obtain and cheaper. The principal finding was to understand Fruto is a linguistic variation word which represents in Maya context both fruits and vegetables. This might be an important key to improve health promotion activities with that population. In order to have better results in nutritional interventions, it is necessary to design educational-communicative strategies in accordance with the local culture.Fil: Zulema Morayma Cabrera Araujo. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; MéxicoFil: Víctor Hernández Escalante. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; MéxicoFil: Alina Marín Cárdenas. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; MéxicoFil: Rocío Murguía Argüelles. Universidad de Oriente; MéxicoFil: Noel Magaña Be. Universidad de Oriente; MéxicoFil: Karla Ramón Escobar. Universidad de Oriente; MéxicoFil: Javier Hirose López. Universidad de Oriente; MéxicoFil: Lázaro Tuz Chi. Universidad de Oriente; MéxicoFil: Abril Salas Góngora. Universidad de Oriente; MéxicoFil: Joed Peña Alcocer. Universidad de Oriente; MéxicoFil: Tumas, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; ArgentinaFil: Carlos Castro Sansores. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán; MéxicoFil: Clara Juárez Ramírez. Instituto de Salud Pública de México; Méxic

Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast

[EN] As the proper maintenance of intracellular potassium and sodium concentrations is vital for cell growth, all living organisms have developed a cohort of strategies to maintain proper monovalent cation homeostasis. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, potassium is accumulated to relatively high concentrations and is required for many aspects of cellular function, whereas high intracellular sodium/potassium ratios are detrimental to cell growth and survival. The fact that S. cerevisiae cells can grow in the presence of a broad range of concentrations of external potassium (10 M–2.5 M) and sodium (up to 1.5 M) indicates the existence of robust mechanisms that have evolved to maintain intracellular concentrations of these cations within appropriate limits. In this review, current knowledge regarding potassium and sodium transporters and their regulation will be summarized. 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