After Guantanamo: War, Crime, and Detention

Neither the law of war nor the criminal law, alone or in combination, provides an adequate legal structure for responding to the most serious threats posed by Al Qaeda and similar groups. After identifying the limits of the criminal law and the law of war for these purposes, this article outlines a comprehensive proposal for counterterrorism prosecution and detention policy. Appended to the article is the draft Counterterrorism Detention, Treatment and Release Act. The legislation proposed: 1) defines the category of persons to be subject to detention; 2) delineates procedures for identifying individuals falling within that category; 3) provides a system for the appeal and periodic review of detention determinations; 4) prescribes standards of detention; and, 5) specifies criteria for and conditions of release. It contains provisions for application of the Act in the territorial U.S. and abroad, in theaters of hostilities, and otherwise. The draft legislation provides the requisite legal foundation and procedural framework for protection of national security while upholding constitutional principles, complying with the law of war, and safeguarding against erroneous detention. It is applicable equally to the disposition of the detainees currently at Guantanamo as to other instances of counterterrorism detention, elsewhere or in the future. The legislation proposed thus provides a mechanism for resolving the quandaries of Guantanamo in a principled manner, without the creation of ad hoc rules for special cases

After Guantanamo: War, Crime, and Detention

Neither the law of war nor the criminal law, alone or in combination, provides an adequate legal structure for responding to the most serious threats posed by Al Qaeda and similar groups. After identifying the limits of the criminal law and the law of war for these purposes, this article outlines a comprehensive proposal for counterterrorism prosecution and detention policy. Appended to the article is the draft Counterterrorism Detention, Treatment and Release Act. The legislation proposed: 1) defines the category of persons to be subject to detention; 2) delineates procedures for identifying individuals falling within that category; 3) provides a system for the appeal and periodic review of detention determinations; 4) prescribes standards of detention; and, 5) specifies criteria for and conditions of release. It contains provisions for application of the Act in the territorial U.S. and abroad, in theaters of hostilities, and otherwise. The draft legislation provides the requisite legal foundation and procedural framework for protection of national security while upholding constitutional principles, complying with the law of war, and safeguarding against erroneous detention. It is applicable equally to the disposition of the detainees currently at Guantanamo as to other instances of counterterrorism detention, elsewhere or in the future. The legislation proposed thus provides a mechanism for resolving the quandaries of Guantanamo in a principled manner, without the creation of ad hoc rules for special cases

The Long and Winding Road to Building an Electronic Reference Collection

Presentation given at the 2011 College and University Libraries Section, Kansas Library Association Conference, Manhattan, Kansas, October 20-21, 2011.As libraries increasingly embrace e-books, no part of a library’s collection goes unaffected, even the reference collection. Today physical reference collections are shrinking as more titles are provided electronically. This shift has resulted in new challenges to selecting and acquiring e-books, and also to providing strategies for access and discovery. There are many reasons why it makes sense to collect electronic reference sources. Our users value convenience and want access 24/7, no matter their physical location. E-books are especially useful to those enrolled in distance education courses, and also support the provision of research help via instant messaging with students. Furthermore, decreasing the physical collection allows library spaces to be reconfigured for new purposes to enhance the “library as place” for our users. This presentation will outline some of the issues related to transforming the reference collection to e-preferred and discuss our approach to acquiring and promoting reference e-books at the University of Kansas Libraries

Acculturative stress and eating disorders in black adolescent females in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Ph.D., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2008The ‘two-world hypothesis’ argues that women may employ self-starvation as a means of coping with the demands of ‘straddling two worlds’ which occurs during periods of transition such as adolescence, industrialization, emancipation of women and culture clash, where women are required to ‘juggle’ the demands of conflicting socio-cultural expectations (Katzman & Lee, 1997). This resonates with the construct of acculturative stress proposed by Rodriguez, Myers, Mira et al., (2002) as the simultaneous ‘push and pull’ of opposing pressures to acculturate to a new culture and pressures against this acculturation from the culture of origin; and suggests that acculturative stress may mediate the development of eating disorders during periods of sociocultural transition. This study aimed to identify relationships between acculturative stress and eating disorder by exploring associations between the Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Scale (MASI: Rodriguez et al., 2002), the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT26; Garner, Olmsted, Bohr & Garfinkel, 1982) and the Eating Disorders Diagnostic Scale (EDDS: Stice, Telch & Rizvi, 2000) as a substitute for follow-up clinical interview, in a sample of black adolescent schoolgirls in the rapidly changing socio-cultural context of South Africa. Focus Groups were conducted to evaluate the validity of these instruments within the South African context. Groups suggested that the EAT26 needed to be qualified and the MASI needed to be modified and revised. The 34-item MASI-Revised contained three subscales, Pressure to Acculturate, Pressure against Acculturation, and a new subscale, Conflict, which appeared to reflect the sum of opposing acculturative pressures as cultural-identity confusion. The General Health Questionnaire-12 was used as a ‘gold standard’ measure of stress. The study selected a sample of 5 urban state high schools from which 187 black female learners were sampled from grades 9-12. Response rate was low and random sampling was not possible. Results indicated that 24.5% of the sample scored positively on the EAT26 and 13.9% qualified for a diagnosis of eating disorder as measured by the EDDS; while a further 24% engaged in regular dysfunctional eating patterns worthy of clinical attention. Subjects scoring positively on both the EAT26 and the MASI-R were significantly more likely (Odds Ratio=29.408; p<0.001) to have an eating disorder on EDDS than those who were negative on both scales. Eating disorders were also significantly and independently predicted by the MASI-R and the EAT26, where subjects scoring positively on either of these scales were significantly (Odds Ratio=4.917; p<0.001) more likely to have an eating disorder than those scoring negatively on both scales. Results suggested that acculturative stress may be a significant risk factor in the development of eating disorders in black South African females and that adolescents experiencing cultural identity confusion may be most at risk

Obesity and the Incidence of Bladder Injury and Urinary Retention Following Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Procedure: Retrospective Cohort Study

Background/Aims. Aim of the study was to establish an effect of obesity on the incidence of bladder injury or urinary retention following tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study based at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in the UK. Study population included 342 cases of TVT procedures. Incidence of bladder injury was 4.7% (16/342). Rate of urinary retention was 9% (31/342). Body mass index (BMI), age, type of analgesia, concomitant prolapse repair, and previous surgery were factors studied. Univariate analysis was performed to establish a relationship between BMI and complications, followed by a multivariable regression analysis to adjust for age, concomitant surgery, type of analgesia, and previous surgery. Results. Neither univariate analysis nor multivariate regression analysis revealed any statistically significant influence of obesity on the incidence of bladder injury or urinary retention. Unadjusted odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios for bladder injury and urinary retention by BMI groups were OR 1.7296 CI 0.4818–6.2097; OR 1.3745 CI 0.5718–3.3043 and adj. OR 2.885 CI 0.603–13.8; adj. OR 1.299 CI 0.502–3.365. Conclusion. Obesity does not appear to influence the rate of bladder injury or urinary retention following TVT procedure

Reference E-Books: The Other Hidden Collection

This presentation was given at the 2010 Brick and Click Libraries Symposium at Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri, November 5, 2010Traditional print reference collections have been reduced significantly over the past few years, as the preference for and the availability of electronic resources have increased. Librarians at the University of Kansas are concerned that the growing numbers of reference e-books in the collection are underutilized. There is a clear need to promote these resources to both library reference staff and users who are unaware of the numerous reference titles purchased individually or contained in electronic packages, such as Credo Reference. Although records for individual titles, from online reference collections and those purchased separately, are loaded into the online catalog, there is currently no easy way to browse the electronic reference collection

Experiences of a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention for fatigue in patients receiving haemodialysis

© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Renal Care published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Dialysis & Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Abstract: Background: A feasibility randomised‐controlled trial found that a cognitive‐behavioural therapy intervention for renal fatigue has the potential to reduce fatigue in patients receiving haemodialysis, but uptake was low. Objectives: Nested in the randomised‐controlled trial (RC) qualitative interviews were undertaken to understand the acceptability of renal fatigue, the facilitators of, and barriers to, engagement, and the psychosocial processes of change. Design: The trial included 24 participants at baseline. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine participants from the intervention arm (n = 12). Approach Interviews were carried out immediately following treatment (3 months post‐randomisation). Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Findings: Five main themes were formulated. The overarching theme was a sense of coherence (whether the illness, symptoms and treatment made sense to individuals), which appeared to be central to acceptability and engagement. Two themes captured the key barriers and facilitators to engagement, cognitive and illness/treatment burdens and collaboration with the therapist. Participants described changes related to their activity, thoughts and social identity/interactions, which shaped perceptions of change in fatigue. Lastly, participants discussed the optimal delivery of the intervention. Conclusions: This study revealed the importance of patients' understanding of fatigue and acceptance of the treatment model for the acceptability of and engagement with a cognitive‐behavioural therapy‐based intervention for fatigue. Overall, there was an indication that such an intervention is acceptable to patients and the mechanisms of change align with the proposed biopsychosocial model of fatigue. However, it needs to be delivered in a way that is appealing and practical to patients, acknowledging the illness and treatment burdens.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

The emergence of racial and sexual preference in the choice of playmates by preschool children as related to sex, socioeconomic status and race

The primary purpose of this study was to replicate a study of Abel and Sahinkaya which investigated the emergence of race and sex preferences of upper middle socioeconomic status Caucasian children. This study provided a good match with respect to socioeconomic status, race, and sex; however, the number of subjects in the replication group was lower than in the Abel and Sahikaya study. In addition to the Abel and Sahinkaya comparison, the study was extended to examine preference of lower socioeconomic status Caucasian children and lower socioeconomic status Negro children. In addition to the data provided for the replication comparisons three hypotheses were tested: Hypothesis I: The incidence of race preference in preschool children will not differ significantly from chance expectation; Hypothesis II: The incidence of sex preference in preschool children will not differ significantly from chance expectation; Hypothesis III: For preschool children no significant difference will exist in the incidence of racial or sexual preference. Each hypothesis was considered with respect to age, sex, socioeconomic status, and race of the subject. A Picture Preference Test designed to replicate as closely as possible the one used by Abel and Sahinkaya was used to collect data on race and sex preferences. The test included 16 black and white smiling facial photographs, 3 1/2" x 5", of children 3.5 to 5.5 years of age. Sixteen photographs were paired to make 32 pairs in which race was controlled and sex varied and 32 pairs in which sex was controlled and race varied. The statistical analysis included comparison of average group choices with a hypothetical average of 16 by means of the t-test. Results of the analysis indicated that the replication did not support the Abel and Sahinkaya study in all respects, particularly since no incidence of race preference was found in either the younger or older children, and sex preference emergence was later in the present study than the Abel study. The earlier study found that boys showed both race and sex preference and this study found neither. Both studies found sex preference by girls. In the extension test results of Hypothesis I showed only white lower status male had race preference while Hypothesis II test results showed the girls from every group, upper white, lower white, and lower Negro, showed preference for their same sex as did the older upper and lower white children and the younger lower status Negro children. The test results of Hypothesis III showed sex choices were stronger than race choices in all three groups for girls and for the younger children of both sexes in the Negro group. The socioeconomic comparisons, Group I with Group II, indicated that only the boys in the lower socioeconomic status group evidenced a race preference. With regard to sex preference the older children and the girls in both Group I and Group II showed a significant difference. The race comparison, Group II and Group III, revealed that only white boys showed race preference, Negro children did not. In race choice Negro and white younger children, older children, and girls showed no race preference. Sex preferences were observed for both Negro and white girls, but not for Negro or white boys. In addition younger Negro children showed sex preference, but the findings regarding sex preference were reversed for the older groups; white children showed a sex preference, but Negro children did not. In general the replication attempt produced some conflicting results, however, the difference in sample size probably precludes the direct comparison. In addition data for this study were collected in the Northwest, and other literature in this area suggests geographic differences may play a role in the emergence and intensity of race and sex preference

Barriers and facilitators to asthma self-management in adolescents:a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies

BACKGROUND: Many adolescents have poor asthma control and impaired quality of life despite the availability of modern pharmacotherapy. Research suggests that poor adherence to treatment and limited engagement in self-management could be contributing factors. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the barriers and facilitators to self-management of asthma reported by adolescents using a narrative synthesis approach to integrate the findings. DESIGN: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched for all types of study design. Full papers were retrieved for study abstracts that included data from participants aged 12-18 years referring to barriers or facilitators of asthma self-management behaviors. RESULTS: Sixteen studies (5 quantitative and 11 qualitative) underwent data extraction, quality appraisal, and thematic analysis. Six key themes were generated that encompassed barriers and/or facilitators to self-management of asthma in adolescents: Knowledge, Lifestyle, Beliefs and Attitudes, Relationships, Intrapersonal Characteristics, and Communication. CONCLUSIONS: There is a pressing need to prepare adolescents for self-management, using age-appropriate strategies that draw on the evidence we have synthesized. Current clinical practice should focus on ensuring adolescents have the correct knowledge, beliefs, and positive attitude to self-manage their illness. This needs to be delivered in a supportive environment that facilitates two-way communication, fosters adolescents' self-efficacy to manage their disease, and considers the wider social influences that impinge on self-management. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016; 9999:XX-XX. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc