Casa Torre de Galartza (Aretxabaleta) : de torre a caserío pasando por palacio: evolución, acomodación y deterioro : conclusiones y bibliografía

La Casa Torre de Galartza sufrió en 1990 un incendio que sólo dejó en pie sus paredes. La actuación arqueológica desarrollada, previa a su rehabilitación, se llevó a cabo en tres apartados complementarios: la labor de campo, la lectura de las estructuras emergentes y la investigación documental. De la lectura estratigrafica de sus muros se ha extraído una propuesta evolutiva dividida en seis fases que abarcan desde la construcción de la Torre hasta la quema del complejo en 1990 con los cambios detectados esencialmente en su estructura, cambios que intentamos explicar a la luz de la base documental halladaGalartza Dorretxeak 1990.urtean izandako sutearen ondorioz, bere hormak baino ez ziren zutik geratu. Dorretxea birgaitu aurretik garatu zen iharduketa arkeologikoa hiru atal osagarrietan burutu zen: landa-lanak, azaleratutako egituren irakurketa eta ikerketa dokumentala. Bere hormen irakurketa estratigrafikoa egitean, sei fasetan zatitutako eboluzio-proposamena egin da, eta sei fase hauek, Dorretxea eraiki zenetik konplexua 1990 urtean erre arteko epea hartzen dute, bere egituran funtsean detektatu diren aldaketa guztiekin, hain zuzen, aurkitutako oinarri dokumentalaren argitan azaltzen saiatuko garen aldaketakThe Galartza Towerhouse, in 1990, suffered a fire wich left only the walls standing. The archaelogical activity performed before the actual restoration was performed in three different complementary sections: field work study of existing physical structures, and the appropiate investigation of pertinent records. The stratigraphic reading of the walls, based on the structural changes produced an evolutionary proposal. This being divided into six different phases, wich dates from the construction of the Tower to the burning down of the complex in 1990. Changes that we will try to explain based on the existing document

Contribución al estudio de las estructuras tumulares en arqueología: entre la similitud morfológica y la disparidad de funciones

[ES] El artículo trata el tema de las estructuras tumulares, su variabilidad formal y funcional (funeraria, lugar de habitación, etc.), así como su distinta cronología. Se describe los casos concretos de Txoritegi (Zerain —Gipuzkoa—) y Galardi (Txoritegi —Gipuzkoa—), unas estructuras tumulares tipo mota utilizadas, posiblemente, a modo de atalaya de vigía en el contexto del período de conflictividad bajomedieval. Es un elemento novedoso en el territorio para cuya interpretación se ha efectuado un análisis de las cuencas visuales mediante SIG.[EN] This article is about tumular structures, their formal and functional variability (burial, settlement, etc. usage), and about their chronology. In it, we describe the examples of Txoritegi (Zerain —Gipuzkoa—) and Galardi (Ordizia —Gipuzkoa—), which are tumular structures used as mounds, possibly like watchtowers in the context of the Late Middle Ages. They are a new element in the territory, and to interpret them we have done an analysis of the wiewshed using GIS techniques

San Adrian: un nuevo yacimiento de la Edad del Bronce en el Norte de la Peninsula Iberica

Bronze Age studies carried out in the Cantabrian Region have traditionally focused on prestige goods and funerary contexts. As a result of this, the lack of information about daily activities, subsistence strategies, and human settlement on a regional scale is evident in the state of art. However, current research has achieved new discoveries in recent years, allowing a reconstruction of some aspects of the economic structure, settlements, material culture and the palaeoenvironment during the Bronze Age. Indeed, besides the funerary practices discovered in 1983 in San Adrian (Parztuergo Nagusia, Gipuzkoa), research has now revealed the presence of Upper Palaeolithic and Early Bronze Age occupations. This paper presents a first characterization of the retrieved evidence and a preliminary evaluation of the archaeological site and its environment. San Adrian is a tunnel-shaped cave located at 1,000 meters a.s.l. in the Aizkorri mountain range, opening a passage beneath the Atlantic-Mediterranean watershed in northern Iberia. The strategic character of this mountain site is demonstrated by the presence of Upper Palaeolithic and Bronze Age occupations, and by the construction of a road passing through it and the fortification of both its entrances in the Middle Ages. The aim of the archaeological survey started in 2008 was to identify, describe and evaluate the heritage potential of the cave, because previous fieldwork had only managed to make surface finds in the side galleries, including a medieval hoard and Bronze Age human remains. The work carried out by our research group at San Adrian includes a series of test pits and the excavation of an area nine square metres in size following stratigraphic criteria. In the current state, we identified at least two contexts corresponding to Late Upper Palaeolithic and Bronze Age occupations in the cave. Fieldwork included the sieving and flotation of sediment and the collection of samples for different types of analysis: palynology, carpology, sedimentology, and radiocarbon dating. The evidence is being studied by a multidisciplinary team according to expertise requirements for each topic: palaeobotany and environment, archaeozoology, sedimentology, geology, physical anthropology, prehistoric industries (lithics, pottery and bone) and archaeological and historical documentation. Because of its recent discovery, Upper Palaeolithic evidence remains still under study, but first results on Bronze Age layers can be presented. The ongoing archaeobotanical and archaeozoological studies reveal the exploitation of domestic plants and fauna complemented by hunting and foraging of wild species. At the same time, the archaeological artefacts and their production sequences show the exploitation of nearby resources on both sides of the mountain range, while prestige goods are absent. This evidence is also used to estimate the regularity of cave occupations and to propose a model of seasonal exploitation of the mountain environment. The results obtained reveal the exploitation of resources from both the Mediterranean and Atlantic basins, and contribute towards an understanding of the daily activities of Bronze Age societies. In addition, the evidence shows the exchange and circulation of quotidian products between the Cantabrian region and inland Iberia in other networks than those of prestige goods

Estudio histórico del poblamiento, la evolución del paisaje y los usos en la sierra de Aralar

El uso y la gestión de la montaña en la sierra de Aralar han podido ser documentados desde el Neolítico hasta nuestros días en restos antrópicos que van desde megalitos hasta minas, pasando por el aprovechamiento de cuevas y diversos tipos de asentamientos en forma de cabañas. Estas evidencias han podido ser inventariadas, estudiadas y datadas en muchos casos. La ganadería, estacional, es la principal actividad relacionada con estas estructuras, y las condiciones ambientales, culturales y económicas han ido determinando sus características. Ha sido necesaria una metodología multidisciplinaria que apoyara a la arqueología para ir estudiando desde 1993 los a veces esquivos restos dejados por las personas que han gestionado los recursos de la zona

San Adrian: Brontze Aroko aztarnategi berria Iberiar penintsulako iparraldean San Adrian: a new site of the Bronze Age in the north of the Iberian peninsula

Resumen: La investigación sobre la Edad del Bronce en la región cantábrica se ha centrado tradicionalmente en el estudio de objetos de prestigio y de contextos funerarios, dando lugar a un estado de la cuestión con importantes lagunas acerca del poblamiento, las actividades cotidianas y las estrategias de subsistencia de los grupos humanos durante este período. En este artículo presentamos las evidencias recuperadas en el yacimiento de San Adrian (Sierra de Aizkorri, Gipuzkoa), cuya excavación ha permitido reconstruir aspectos relativos a los modos de vida, la base económica, la cultura material y el contexto medioambiental de una serie de ocupaciones de la Edad del Bronce. Los resultados preliminares revelan la existencia de ocupaciones de hábitat periódicas y la explotación de recursos procedentes del Valle del Ebro y de la costa atlántica, contribuyendo a reconstruir los modos de vida y la circulación de bienes cotidianos en el norte de la península ibérica.Abstract: Bronze Age studies carried out in the Cantabrian Region have traditionally focused on prestige goods and funerary contexts. As a result of this, the lack of information about daily activities, subsistence strategies, and human settlement on a regional scale is evident in the state of art. However, current research has achieved new discoveries in recent years, allowing a reconstruction of some aspects of the economic structure, settlements, material culture and the palaeoenvironment during the Bronze Age. Indeed, besides the funerary practices discovered in 1983 in San Adrian (Parztuergo Nagusia, Gipuzkoa), research has now revealed the presence of Upper Palaeolithic and Early Bronze Age occupations. This paper presents a first characterization of the retrieved evidence and a preliminary evaluation of the archaeological site and its environment. San Adrian is a tunnel-shaped cave located at 1,000 meters a.s.l. in the Aizkorri mountain range, opening a passage beneath the Atlantic-Mediterranean watershed in northern Iberia. The strategic character of this mountain site is demonstrated by the presence of Upper Palaeolithic and Bronze Age occupations, and by the construction of a road passing through it and the fortification of both its entrances in the Middle Ages. The aim of the archaeological survey started in 2008 was to identify, describe and evaluate the heritage potential of the cave, because previous fieldwork had only managed to make surface finds in the side galleries, including a medieval hoard and Bronze Age human remains. The work carried out by our research group at San Adrian includes a series of test pits and the excavation of an area nine square metres in size following stratigraphic criteria. In the current state, we identified at least two contexts corresponding to Late Upper Palaeolithic and Bronze Age occupations in the cave. Fieldwork included the sieving and flotation of sediment and the collection of samples for different types of analysis: palynology, carpology, sedimentology, and radiocarbon dating. The evidence is being studied by a multidisciplinary team according to expertise requirements for each topic: palaeobotany and environment, archaeozoology, sedimentology, geology, physical anthropology, prehistoric industries (lithics, pottery and bone) and archaeological and historical documentation. Because of its recent discovery, Upper Palaeolithic evidence remains still under study, but first results on Bronze Age layers can be presented. The ongoing archaeobotanical and archaeozoological studies reveal the exploitation of domestic plants and fauna complemented by hunting and foraging of wild species. At the same time, the archaeological artefacts and their production sequences show the exploitation of nearby resources on both sides of the mountain range, while prestige goods are absent. This evidence is also used to estimate the regularity of cave occupations and to propose a model of seasonal exploitation of the mountain environment. The results obtained reveal the exploitation of resources from both the Mediterranean and Atlantic basins, and contribute towards an understanding of the daily activities of Bronze Age societies. In addition, the evidence shows the exchange and circulation of quotidian products between the Cantabrian region and inland Iberia in other networks than those of prestige goods

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

Casa Torre de Galartza (Aretxabaleta) : análisis etnográfico de las estructuras emergentes y propuestas de evolución arquitectónica

La casa Torre de Galartza sufrió en 1990 un incendio que sólo dejó en pie sus paredes. La actualización arqueológica desarrollada, previa a su rehabilitación, se llevó a cabo en tres apartados complementarios: la labor de campo, la lectura de las estructuras emergentes y la investigación documental. De la lectura estratigráfica de sus muros se ha extraído una propuesta evolutiva dividida en seis fases que abarcan desde la construcción de la Torre hasta la quema del complejo en 1990 con los cambios detectados esencialmente en su estructura, cambios que intentamos explicar a la luz de la base documental halladaGalartzak Dorretxeak 1990 urtean izandako sutearen ondorioz, bere hormak baino ez ziren zutik geratu. Dorretxea birgaitu aurretik garatu zen iharduera arkeologikoa hiru atal osagarrietan burutu zen: landa-lanak, azaleratutako egituren irakurketa eta ikerketa dokumentala. Bere hormen irakurketa estratigrafikoa egitean, sei fasetan zatitutako eboluzio-proposamena egin da, eta sei fase hauek, Dorretxea eraiki zenetik konplexua 1990 urtean erre arteko epea hartzen dute, bere egituran funtsean detektatu diren aldaketa guztiekin, hain zuzen, aurkitutako oinarri dokumentalaren argitan azaltzen saiatuko garen aldaketakThe Galartza Towerhouse, in 1990, suffered a fire wich left only the walls standing. The archaelogical activity performed before the actual restoration was performed in three different complementary sections: field work study of existing physical structures, and the appropriate investigation of pertinent records. The stratigraphic reading of the walls, based on the structural changes produced an evolutionary proposal. This being divided into six different phases, wich dates from the construction of the Tower to the burning down of the complex in 1990. Changes that we will try to explain based on the existing document

Evolución cronotipológica de las inhumaciones medievales en el Cantábrico Oriental : el caso de Santa María la Real de Zarautz (Gipuzkoa)

El presente artículo pretende hacer una revisión de los estudios acerca de las necrópolis medievales en el Cantabrico Oriental a través del análisis de los resultados de las campañas de intervencion arqueológica en la torre campanario de la iglesia parroquial de Santa María la Real de Zarautz. Así en primer lugar hace una revision de la últimas propuestas de clasificacion tipológica y temporal de los distintos tipos de sepulturas medievales en el área de estudio. En segundo lugar repasa los resultados de las diferentes intervenciones arqueológicas que en Gipuzkoa han tratado este fenómeno. Finalmente realiza un estudio de caso del yacimiento de Santa María la Real, con especial incidencia en el estudio tipológico y en el ánálisis radiocarbónico. A partir de ahí, se ofrecen una serie de conclusiones en torno al fenómeno de las inhumaciones en época medieval entre los siglos IX y XIV en nuestro entorn

Establecimientos de habitación al aire libre. Los fondos de cabaña de morfología tumular: características, proceso de formación y cronología

[ES] En este artículo se describen una serie de estructuras de tipo tumular, que si aparentemente pudieran recordar a las estructuras funerarias clásicas se alejan de éstas por su morfología, composición, funcionalidad y cronología. Los trabajos de prospección realizados durante los últimos años en la Sierra de Aralar (Gipuzkoa) han permitido localizar medio centenar de estas estructuras tumulares, así como abrir nuevos campos de investigación en torno a la vivienda temporal de los grupos pastoriles en las zonas de montaña.[EN] In this article some tumular structures are described. Although their surface seems a megalithic funeral structure, they cannot be confused with them, as their morphology, composition, functionality and chronology differ. The prospecting works carried out in the mountain range of Aralar, made possible the discovery of about fifty structures with the aforementioned features. It also made possible to acquire a deeper knowledge of the shepherd’s seasonal dwellings in the mountain areas