Antes y después de 1810: escenarios en la historia de las exportaciones rioplatenses de cueros desde 1760 hasta 1860

This paper focus on the history of River Plate’s exports of hides from 1760 to 1860, a century that ran from the beginning of the Bourbon reforms in America until the beginning of the “first globalization”. The aim of this paper is to show some basic magnitudes of this crucial commodity in the region’s history of international trade, from the early years as a staple until its maturity. Thus, this work collects from primary and secondary sources data on volume, prices and values of exported hides from Buenos Aires and Montevideo along the period. This evidence is useful to grasp how volumes, prices and values performed before and after the critical year of 1810, when the colonial ties with Spain were broken. The results underline three main facts: first, exports of hides from the Rio de la Plata grew at a high rate before 1810 due to a large increase in volumes and in spite of flat prices. Second, they experienced a much more slowly and fluctuating growth after the independence; in spite of wars and political turmoil, this time volumes exported were even greater than before while prices declined until 1850. Third, export prices of hides notably rise in 1850, and just then they acted as the driving force upon value

Antes y después de 1810: escenarios en la historia de las exportaciones rioplatenses de cueros desde 1760 hasta 1860

This paper focus on the history of River Plate’s exports of hides from 1760 to 1860, a century that ran from the beginning of the Bourbon reforms in America until the beginning of the “first globalization”. The aim of this paper is to show some basic magnitudes of this crucial commodity in the region’s history of international trade, from the early years as a staple until its maturity. Thus, this work collects from primary and secondary sources data on volume, prices and values of exported hides from Buenos Aires and Montevideo along the period. This evidence is useful to grasp how volumes, prices and values performed before and after the critical year of 1810, when the colonial ties with Spain were broken. The results underline three main facts: first, exports of hides from the Rio de la Plata grew at a high rate before 1810 due to a large increase in volumes and in spite of flat prices. Second, they experienced a much more slowly and fluctuating growth after the independence; in spite of wars and political turmoil, this time volumes exported were even greater than before while prices declined until 1850. Third, export prices of hides notably rise in 1850, and just then they acted as the driving force upon value.international trade, Latin America, River Plate, hides.

Governing the production and work through standards. The case of the food industry in Murcia

Food production is integrated in the global agri-food chain and is characterized for its technological modernization and high productivity. The recent implementation of quality standards into the global agri-food chain have radically transformed their production processes and working conditions. Numerous studies have examined how the implementation of quality systems has led to a significant increase in the quality of products and of their production processes. However, some studies show that the increasing of the quality of products and processes has not necessarily led to a substantial improvement in the quality of employment nor to a de-casualization of working conditions. On the contrary, job insecurity and informal employment persist, and in some cases are accentuated by increasing control over processes and workers. This paper explores this hypothesis in the case of table grapes industry in the Region of MurciaEl sector agroalimentario de la Región de Murcia está integrado a una cadena agroalimentaria global que destaca por su modernización tecnológica y por su elevada productividad. Desde la década de los noventa se vienen implantando sistemas de calidad que han contribuido a transformar radicalmente los procesos productivos y las condiciones de trabajo. Numerosos estudios han analizado cómo la implantación de estándares y certificaciones ha dado lugar a un significativo aumento de la calidad de los productos y de sus procesos de producción. Sin embargo, algunos estudios muestran que el aumento de la calidad de los productos y de los procesos no ha supuesto necesariamente una mejora sustancial de la calidad del empleo ni una desprecarización de las condiciones de trabajo. Por el contrario, la precariedad laboral y la informalidad persisten y en algunos casos, se acentúan, al aumentar el control sobre los procesos y los trabajadores. Este artículo explora esta hipótesis en el caso de la industria de la uva de mesa en la Región de Murci

Nation beyond the country. The nationalism from a distance among Uruguayan immigrants in Spain

El objetivo de este artículo es en primer lugar, presentar una aproximación teórica a cómo pensar la nación en tiempos de globalización, mientras que desde algunas perspectivas se anuncia la irremediable defunción de la nación y la llegada de una era posnacional, nuestra propuesta es que la nación debe ser repensada ya no como un Estado nacional organizado territorialmente sino como un nuevo fenómeno translocal. En segundo lugar, presentamos un análisis del trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado sobre el movimiento asociativo de migrantes uruguayos en España, especialmente nos referiremos aquí a los procesos de reconstrucción de las representaciones sobre la nación uruguaya y las prácticas desarrolladas para promover el "uruguayismo".The aim of this article is firstly to present a theoretical approach on how to consider the nation under globalization processes. Some perspectives view this as the death of the nation and the arrival of a post-national era. On the contrary, this paper proposes that the nation must no longer be thought of as a territorially organized national State. The nation must rather be thought as a new transnational phenomenon. Secondly, this article aims to analyse the associative movement of Uruguayan citizens in Spain, especially the reconstruction of the representations of the Uruguayan nation and the practice of promoting the Uruguayan identity, which can be called “Uruguayismo”.Grupo de Investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granad

Immigrant workers in agriculture in Murcia: reflections on crisis, immigration and agricultural labor

En las últimas décadas, España ha basado su crecimiento económico en sectores intensivos en mano de obra, caracterizados por condiciones laborales precarias, donde los trabajadores inmigrantes han jugado un papel fundamental ante la escasez de mano de obra autóctona. El artículo reflexiona sobre los vínculos entre uno de estos sectores, la agricultura intensiva de exportación, y el empleo de trabajadores extranjeros, con especial atención a la segregación por género y etnia de este mercado de trabajo, las condiciones laborales de los jornaleros inmigrantes y al impacto de la actual crisis económica sobre el empleo en este sector.The Spanish economic growth in recent decades has been based on labor-intensive economic sectors (construction industry, tourism-related services and export agriculture). In these sectors, characterized by precarious labor conditions, migrant workers have played a key role as a labor force available and underpaid. This article reflects on the links between the economic model of intensive export agriculture and the use of foreign labor, with special attention to the working conditions of migrant workers and the impact of the current economic crisis on the employment in this sector.En este artículo se presentan los resultados del proyecto de investigación «Sostenibilidad social de los nuevos enclaves productivos agrícolas: España y México», dirigido por Andrés Pedreño Cánovas y financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (2012-2014, CSO2011-28511)

Physical-chemical properties of nanocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) was reinforced with titanium dioxide (TiO2) in concentrations of 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% (m/m) to produce nanocomposites by the solvent casting technique. TiO2 was synthesized by a hydrothermal treatment to produce nanoparticles. The nanostructure of the nanoparticles was studied by x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD confirmed TiO2 crystalline nanoparticles, with a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. Through TEM analysis, the formation of TiO2 nanorod agglomerates with an average diameter and length of 40 and 12 nm, respectively, was observed. The thermal and mechanical properties of the pure PHBV and nanocomposite films were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis. The DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature decreased with the inclusion of TiO2 in the PHBV matrix in relation to pure PHBV. The results of biodegradation assays for the PHBV and nanocomposites in an aqueous medium and in soil showed morphological and structural changes for all samples, indicating a high biodegradation rate for this material. The most important conclusion is that the biodegradation of the PHBV was not affected by the addition of nanoparticles, thus enabling the use of nanocomposites in applications requiring biodegradable materials.CNPqFAPESP [2013/14954-6]Fed Univ Sao Paulo Unifesp, Dept Sci & Technol, BR-12231280 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilFed Univ Goias UFG, Dept Chem, BR-75801615 Jatai, Go, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo Unifesp, Dept Sci & Technol, BR-12231280 Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilFAPESP [2013/14954-6]Web of Scienc