A 300 GHz "Always-in-Focus" Focusing System for Target Detection

A focusing system for a 300 GHz radar with 5 m target distance and 10 mm diameter spot size resolution is proposed. The focusing system is based on a Gaussian telescope scheme and its main parameters have been de¬signed using Gaussian beam quasi-optical propagation theory with an in-house developed MATLAB® based analysis tool. Then, this approach has been applied to a real focusing system based on two elliptical mirrors in order to reduce the distortion and cross-polar level and a plane mirror to provide scanning capabilities. The over¬all system has been simulated with a full-wave electromag¬netic simulator and its behavior is presented. With this approach, the focusing system always works "in-focus" since the only mirror that is rotated when scanning is the output plane mirror, so the beam is almost not distorted. The design process, although based in the well-known Gaussian beam quasi-optical propagation theory, provides a fast and accurate method and minimizes the overall size of the mirrors. As a consequence, the size of the focusing system is also reduced

Necesidades de agua del cultivo de tomate en invernadero. Comparación con el cultivo al aire libre

Ponencia presentada en: III Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología “El agua y el clima”, celebrado en Palma de Mallorca del 16 al 19 de junio de 2002.[ES]Una buena gestión del agua empieza por la determinación más correcta posible de las necesidades de agua del cultivo. A partir de la adaptación de la ecuación de Penman-Monteith se ha determinado una ecuación simplificada para el cálculo de la transpiración con el fin de ser utilizada en el cálculo de las necesidades de riego de un cultivo de tomates bajo invernadero. Para su comparación con un cultivo de tomate al aire libre se ha calculado Et a partir de E0 de la estación meteorológica y de los coeficientes de cultivo, Kc. Los valores de la Ec acumulada en invernadero son un 85% respecto al exterior, resultando un uso más eficiente del agua 68% en el caso del invernadero. Esto es debido, principalmente, por un lado a la menor radiación que llega al invernadero y por otro al mayor rendimiento del cultivo.[EN]The improvement of the water use begins in a good calculation of water requirements. Evapotranspiration of a greenhouse tomato crop were calculated from a simplified approach of the Penman-Monteith equation. To compare to open field cultivation, crop evapotranspiration, Et , has been estimated from evapotranspiration reference, E0, and crop coefficients, Kc. Results show that a greenhouse reduces evapotranspiration to about 85% of open field. The efficiency of water use per unit yield increases as 68% in greenhouse cultivation. Two factors are responsible for it: reduction of light and a higher yield in a greenhouse.Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto de investigación INIA no SC00-080-C2

Fijación de CO2 por Pinus sylvestris L. y Quercus pyrenaica Willd. en los montes «Pinar de Valsaín» y «Matas de Valsaín»

Biomass and carbon dioxide accumulated amounts have been estimated in two Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica forests («Matas de Valsaín» and «Pinar de Valsaín», Segovia). Data obtained in samplings made by CIFOR-INIA for both species have been utilized in this study. For each species, three trees per diameter class were selected, being then felled and separated into their biomass fractions (stems, branches with diameter over 7 cm, branches with diameter between 2 and 7 cm and branches thinner than 2 cm). Every tree fraction was weighed at field. The stump of one tree per diameter class was also extracted and weighed. Dry weights were determined at the laboratory through a sample of each fraction, and linear regression models to relate dry biomass with diameter for each biomass fraction were fitted. Using these models, a biomass table was constructed to be applied to inventory data (number of trees per diameter class) for determining total biomass within the stands. The CO2 fixed per biomass unit was calculated through the ratio biomass/carbon. Balances of net CO2 fixation have been determined knowing the annual increment and annual extractions.Se ha realizado una estimación de la biomasa y del dióxido de carbono que hay acumulado en las masas de Pinus sylvestris y Quercus pyrenaica de los montes «Matas de Valsaín» y «Pinar de Valsaín» (Segovia). Para ello se han utilizado los datos de muestreos realizados por el CIFOR-INIA para ambas especies. Se eligen al menos tres pies por clase diamétrica, se apearon y se separaron en fracciones de biomasa (fuste, ramas de diámetro mayor de 7 cm, ramas de diámetro entre 2 y 7 cm, ramas menores de 2 cm) que se pesaron en campo. Se extrajo el tocón de un pie por clase diamétrica y se pesó en verde. En laboratorio se determinó el peso seco de las muestras y se hallaron modelos para las distintas fracciones que relacionasen la biomasa seca y con el diámetro. Con estos modelos se calcularon unos valores modulares que se aplicaron a los datos del número de pies, obtenidos de los inventarios, para estimar la biomasa total de los montes. El CO2 se estima mediante la relación entre el porcentaje de carbono en la biomasa seca y la cantidad de carbono en una molécula de CO2. Se han realizado balances de fijación neta de CO2 conociendo los crecimientos y las extracciones anuales

Physical capacity in youth football players of a profesional club

Las características físicas del fútbol son muy diversas, aunque se reconocen como muy importantes la capacidad de realizar esfuerzos de alta intensidad y la de retrasar la fatiga en la mayor medida posible en esfuerzos intermitentes. Son diversos los trabajos que analizan dichas características en el fútbol profesional, aunque son menores los que analizan las categorías de formación. En el presente estudio se analiza la evolución por categorías de pruebas de salto, velocidad, agilidad y resistencia aeróbica específica, en jugadores de fútbol jóvenes de la cantera de un club profesional de la liga española. Se produjo un incremento de las marcas con la edad, aunque no se observaron diferencias significativas en grupos de edad cercanos, produciéndose una meseta en el rendimiento en la fuerza explosiva y velocidad de aceleración a partir de los 17 años y en la velocidad de desplazamiento y agilidad a los 15 añosPhysical characteristics of football are very different, but are recognized as very important the ability to perform high-intensity efforts and to delay fatigue as much as possible in intermittent efforts. There are several studies that analyze these characteristics in professional football but are less those who analyze the categories of training. In the present study analyzes the evolution of categories of jumping, speed, agility and specific endurance in young soccer players from a professional club of the Spanish league. There was an increase of the marks with age, although no significant differences in age groups encircle. Producing a plateau in performance in explosive strength and acceleration speed from 17 years and in speed and agility at age of 1

Detection of the KIT D816V mutation in peripheral blood of systemic mastocytosis: diagnostic implications

Recent studies have found the KIT D816V mutation in peripheral blood of virtually all adult systemic mastocytosis patients once highly sensitive PCR techniques were used; thus, detection of the KIT D816V mutation in peripheral blood has been proposed to be included in the diagnostic work-up of systemic mastocytosis algorithms. However, the precise frequency of the mutation, the biological significance of peripheral blood-mutated cells and their potential association with involvement of bone marrow hematopoietic cells other than mast cells still remain to be investigated. Here, we determined the frequency of peripheral blood involvement by the KIT D816V mutation, as assessed by two highly sensitive PCR methods, and investigated its relationship with multilineage involvement of bone marrow hematopoiesis. Overall, our results confirmed the presence of the KIT D816V mutation in peripheral blood of most systemic mastocytosis cases (161/190; 85%)-with an increasing frequency from indolent systemic mastocytosis without skin lesions (29/44; 66%) to indolent systemic mastocytosis with skin involvement (124/135; 92%), and more aggressive disease subtypes (11/11; 100%)-as assessed by the allele-specific oligonucleotide-qPCR method, which was more sensitive (P<.0001) than the peptide nucleic acid-mediated PCR approach (84/190; 44%). Although the presence of the KIT mutation in peripheral blood, as assessed by the allele-specific oligonucleotide-qPCR technique, did not accurately predict for multilineage bone marrow involvement of hematopoiesis, the allele-specific oligonucleotide-qPCR allele burden and the peptide nucleic acid-mediated-PCR approach did. These results suggest that both methods provide clinically useful and complementary information through the identification and/or quantification of the KIT D816V mutation in peripheral blood of patients suspected of systemic mastocytosis.This work was supported in part by grants from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS; grant number PI11/02399, FEDER) and Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cancer (RTICC; grant number RD12/0036/0048, FEDER) of the Instituto deSalud Carlos III (Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, Madrid, Spain), from Fundacion Ramon Areces (Madrid, Spain; grant number CIVP16A1806) and from Ayudas a Proyectos de Investigación en Salud de la Fundación Mutua Madrileña 2014 and Asociación Española de Enfermos de Mastocitosis (AEDM 2014). The National DNA Bank is supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain (grand numbers PT13/0001/0037 and PT13/0010/ 0067, FEDER). AM was supported by RTICC.Peer Reviewe