Effect of Physical Exercise on Female Hormone

Evidence suggested that exercise may change, level of secretion of female hormones such as: Prolactin, Luteinizing, Follicle Stimulating, Estrogen and Progesterone. The researcher intends to concentrate on the function of various female hormone with sources of secretion, method of hormonal test and various problems of female. The prolactin hormone is secreted from anterior pituitary gland and its main function is milk secretion. Pituitary gland secreted Luteinizing hormone and complete development of ovarian follicle to secretary stage and secretion of estrogen are maintained by this hormone. Sources of follicle stimulating hormone is the anterior pituitary hormone gland and it's work is regulating of human reproductive system, progesterone and menstrual cycle. Estrogen is secreted form ovary and it is responsible for puberty changes, proliferation stages of menstruation, growth of uterus during pregnancy, exert synthesis action with oxytosin. Progesterone hormone comes from Carpus lutem, Placenta, Adrenal Cortex and it is responsible for premenstrual change of uterine mucosa. One of the best hormonal tests for basal level of PRL, LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone is Chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Following an overnight fasting venues blood sample were taken via a disposable plastic syringe inserted into an antecubital forearm vein. Blood (3ml) was allotted to colt for one hour in a plain test tube(burocell) and then centrifuged (REMI) at 30o Celsius for 5 minutes at 6000 rev min -1 to separate the serum form the cell before proceeding with CLIA test. Infertility, irregular menstrual cycle, decreases in sex drive, unable to breast feeding after child birth are the common problem due to imbalance in female hormonal secretion

MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE POTENTIATES THE CONTRACTION OF THE VISCERAL SMOOTH MUSCLE OF DUODENUM BY AUGMENTING THE ACTIVITY OF INTRINSIC CHOLINERGIC EFFERENTS, INDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PROLIFERATING SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the contraction of visceral smooth muscle (VSM) of the duodenum in a rat model to understand the MSG-induced impairment of the function of the small intestine. Methods: Male albino rats of Charles Foster strain were exposed with MSG at three different dosages (632, 1264, and 2528 mg/kg BW/day) for 30-day duration. The records of the contraction of the duodenum were achieved with isotonic transducer (IT-2245) coupled with RMS-Polyrite D by our standard laboratory protocol. Results: We have observed potentiation of contraction of duodenum ex vivo dose-dependently in MSG exposed groups of rats compared to control. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in VSM tissue homogenate and expression of AChE protein in fixed duodenal muscle cell layers have been decreased in a dosage response manner comparing to control rats. We have found a significant decrease in the activities of some antioxidant enzymes such as Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-s-transferase, and increase in the level of malondialdehyde in MSG exposed VSM tissue homogenate of the duodenum. We have also observed thickening of muscularis externa layer and increase in the number of muscle cells in circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the duodenal wall in transverse duodenal wall sections stained with eosin-hematoxylin. Conclusion: MSG potentiates the contraction of VSM of duodenum by augmenting the activity of intrinsic cholinergic efferents predominantly, and inducing oxidative stress and proliferating smooth muscle cells

Screening of health beneficial microbes with potential probiotic characteristics from the traditional rice-based alcoholic beverage, haria

Fermented foods are natural habitats of various food-grade microorganisms which not only fortify the food material with bioactive molecules, but they could directly exert health beneficial effect to the consumers. The present study aimed to screen the microbial consortium of haria (a traditional alcoholic rice beverage), for therapeutic potentiality. Twenty-nine fermented beverage samples were collected from different areas of Bankura District (West Bengal, India).Initially, 45 dominant bacterial isolates were purified from the collected samples. From these, 3 microorganisms were screened out based on growth and acidification kinetics: these proved to be Bifidobacterium sp. (MKK4), Pediococcus lolli (MKK21), and Lactobacillus sp. (MKK37) isolates. Finally, based on a cumulative probiotic score, MKK4 (Bifidobacterium sp.) was selected for further studies. The ubiquitous presence of this strain in the collected samples was confirmed through PCR-DGGE fingerprinting. This strain was considerably stable in simulated acid and bile solutions; it also exhibited strong auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity of 82% and 53%, respectively. Under conditions of nutrient depletion, the isolate was capable to form biofilm (66.3%). The selected bacterium showed strong antimicrobial activities against Shigella dysenteriae MB14, Salmonella typhi E 1590, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Staphyloccus aureusMB13, Vibrio cholerae K510, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 isolates. These results suggest that the food-borne Bifidobacterium sp. MKK4 can be used as potent probiotic agent

Reactivity of electrochemically synthesised zinc nanofiber in facile reduction of nitro and azide compounds

1076-1083Electrochemistry is used in generation of metallic nano zinc wire from aqueous zinc chloride. For this electrochemical process we have designed a unit galvanic cell. During the electrochemical process both aliphatic and aromatic nitro and azide compounds undergo facile reduction to the corresponding amines. ZnCl2 is used as stoichiometric reagent and causes electrochemical deposition of zinc in cathode. During the process wire shaped nano zinc architecture has been formed in cathode which is supposed to be the active reagent for reduction. The cathode deposited material has been characterised by powder XRD, XPS, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, SQUID etc. The corresponding amines are prepared in good yields. Both zinc salts and aqueous solution can be recycled

A Rare HBV Subgenotype D4 with Unique Genomic Signatures Identified in North-Eastern India –An Emerging Clinical Challenge?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: HBV has been classified into ten genotypes (A-J) and multiple subgenotypes, some of which strongly influence disease outcome and their distribution also correlate with human migration. HBV infection is highly prevalent in India and its diverse population provides an excellent opportunity to study the distinctiveness of HBV, its evolution and disease biology in variegated ethnic groups. The North-East India, having international frontiers on three sides, is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse region of the country. Given the paucity of information on molecular epidemiology of HBV in this region, the study aimed to carry out an in-depth genetic characterization of HBV prevailing in North-East state of Tripura. METHODS: From sera of chronically HBV infected patients biochemical/serological tests, HBV DNA quantification, PCR-amplification, sequencing of PreS/S or full-length HBV genomes were done. HBV genotype/subgenotype determination and sequence variability were assessed by MEGA5-software. The evolutionary divergence times of different HBV subgenotypes were estimated by DNAMLK/PHYLIP program while jpHMM method was used to detect any recombination event in HBV genomes. RESULTS: HBV genotypes D (89.5%), C (6.6%) and A (3.9%) were detected among chronic carriers. While all HBV/A and HBV/C isolates belonged to subgenotype-A1 and C1 respectively, five subgenotypes of HBV/D (D1-D5) were identified including the first detection of rare D4. These non-recombinant Indian D4 (IndD4) formed a distinct phylogenetic clade, had 2.7% nucleotide divergence and recent evolutionary radiation than other global D4. Ten unique amino acids and 9 novel nucleotide substitutions were identified as IndD4 signatures. All IndD4 carried T120 and R129 in ORF-S that may cause immune/vaccine/diagnostic escape and N128 in ORF-P, implicated as compensatory Lamivudine resistance mutation. CONCLUSIONS: IndD4 has potential to undermine vaccination programs or anti-viral therapy and its introduction to North-East India is believed to be linked with the settlement of ancient Tibeto-Burman migrants from East-Asia

Utilization of fermented wheat bran extract medium as a potential low-cost culture medium for Chlorella ellipsoidea

Microalgae, Chlorella ellipsoidea is an excellent energy source for food and biofuel production. Nevertheless, the production cost of C. ellipsoidea using Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) is expensive, which led to exploring the alternation of a low-cost medium for large-scale production. Low-cost fermented wheat bran extract medium (FWBEM), which has good nutritional properties, might be an alternative approach to mass production of C. ellipsoidea. The present study was conducted to evaluate the growth and production of C. ellipsoidea using different concentrations of FWBEM. Wheat bran was fermented at the concentration of 8.33, 6.66, and 5.00 g/L water and used as treatments for T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The BBM was used as the control medium (T1). The growth and production of C. ellipsoidea were monitored at three days intervals through cell dry weight, specific growth rate, optical cell density, chlorophyll a content, and cell numbers. Those growth data revealed that C. ellipsoidea cultured at 6.66 g/L (T3) concentration did not vary significantly with the standard inorganic BBM. However, T2 and T4 showed substantially lower cell growth and chlorophyll a content than control and T3. Compared to the BBM, a significant reduction in production cost was obtained in the FWBEM. Based on the cell biomass growth, pigmentation, and production cost, FWBEM at a 6.66 g/L could be used as an alternative medium to BBM. Therefore, FWBEM has excellent potential to be used for the low-cost production of C. ellipsoidea

Culturally-Relevant Persuasive Technology

Persuasive technology (PT) has been defined by B. J. Fogg as "any interactive computing system designed to change peoples attitudes or behaviors". The kinds of attitudes people hold, and the behaviours they exhibit, are influenced by culture, so cultural beliefs play a large role in persuasion. The cross-cultural psychology literature has demonstrated the power of culture on attitude change. To date, however, there has been limited persuasive technology research outside of countries characterised as having individualist culture, where individualism describes cultures in which society members have a primarily individual identity. Little research has explicitly investigated the relationship between persuasive technology and culture. In this thesis, we investigated the hypothesis that persuasive technology is more effective when it reflects the culture of its intended target audience. Firstly, we established a set of effective, culturally-relevant persuasive technology strategies, almost all of which are targeted at use in tools for collectivist audiences. The strategies are based on a combination of findings from the cross-cultural psychology literature focused on the dimensions of individualism and collectivism, an analysis of existing PT strategies, and qualitative insights. Secondly, we developed a culturally-relevant PT prototype based on several of our strategies, in the form of two versions of a game titled Smoke? about smoking cessation. One version of Smoke? was designed to be more persuasive for a NZ European player audience, while the other was designed to be more persuasive for a Maori player audience. We conducted focus groups with potential players, the insights of which guided how we applied several of our culturally-relevant PT strategies in the design of the two game versions. Finally, we evaluated both game versions on individualist, and collectivist test players, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results of our evaluation support our hypothesis. Not only did both sets of players engage with, and use the culturally-relevant interface elements of the game designed for their culture, they also demonstrated that the culturally-relevant game versions had increased their anti-smoking beliefs

A randomized trial of intravenous labetalol & oral nifedipine in severe pregnancy induced hypertension

Background: Hypertension is the most frequently encountered medical disorder in obstetrics practice & remain a major cause of maternal, fetal & neonatal morbidity & mortality. The present study was undertaken to compare the time taken to reach the therapeutic goal blood pressure after using intravenous labetalol & oral nifedipine in severe pregnancy induced hypertension.Methods: Randomly allocated patients received labetalol 20 mg initially, followed by escalating doses of 40, 80, 80 & 80 mg & a placebo tablet every 20 minutes or initially nifedipine tablet 10 mg orally with repeated doses of 20 mg every 20 minutes up to 5 doses & intravenous placebo 0.9% isotonic saline until the therapeutic goal blood pressure, Systolic ≤ 150 mmHg & diastolic ≤ 100 mmHg was achieved. Primary and secondary outcomes like the time interval required to achieve a blood pressure of ≤150/100 mmHg and urinary output, agent failure & adverse effects respectively were reported.Results: Patients received oral nifedipine achieved the goal therapeutic blood pressure more rapidly in 28.2±11.7 minutes (mean±SD) as compared with 48.4±23.5 minutes in those received intravenous labetalol (p=0.001). The nifedipine group also required significantly fewer doses (3.5±0.5 vs 4.5±1.5; p=0.001) to reach the goal blood pressure. Urine output was significantly increased (p<0.001) at one hour after nifedipine therapy (95.6±1.2) compared with labetalol (41.9±1.6 ml) & remained significantly increased at 4,8,16&24 hours after initial therapy. Few adverse effects were reported but not significant. No patients required cross over therapy.Conclusions: Oral nifedipine & intravenous labetalol regimens are effective in the management of severe hypertension in pregnancy; however nifedipine controls hypertension more rapidly & is associated with a significant increase in urinary output

Phytotoxicity of glyphosate in the germination of and its effect on germinated seedlings

The present study evaluated the effects of glyphosate on Pisum sativum germination as well as its effect on the physiology and biochemistry of germinated seedlings. Different physico-chemical biomarkers, viz., chlorophyll, root and shoot length, total protein and soluble sugar, along with sodium and potassium concentration, were investigated in germinated seedlings at different glyphosate concentrations. This study reports the influence of different concentrations of glyphosate on pea seeds and seedlings. Physicochemical biomarkers were significantly changed by glyphosate exposure after 15 days. The germination of seedlings under control conditions (0 mg/L) was 100% after 3 days of treatment but at 3 and 4 mg/L glyphosate, germination was reduced to 55 and 40%, respectively. Physiological parameters like root and shoot length decreased monotonically with increasing glyphosate concentration, at 14 days of observation. Average root and shoot length (n=30 in three replicates) were reduced to 14.7 and 17.6%, respectively, at 4 mg/L glyphosate. Leaf chlorophyll content also decreased, with a similar trend to root and shoot length, but the protein content initially decreased and then increased with an increase in glyphosate concentration to 3 mg/L. The study suggests that glyphosate reduces the soluble sugar content significantly, by 21.6% (v/v). But internal sodium and potassium tissue concentrations were significantly altered by glyphosate exposure with increasing concentrations of glyphosate. Biochemical and physiological analysis also supports the inhibitory effect of glyphosate on seed germination and biochemical effects on seedlings