Anàlisi del metabolisme ambiental de nuclis turístics litorals : el cas de Menorca

L'objectiu del present estudi és l'anàlisi del metabolisme energètic associat a nuclis turístics litorals de l'illa de Menorca (Mediterrani occidental) i el grau d'autosuficiència a partir d'energies renovables. La caracterització dels nuclis i la definició del perfil del turista s'ha realitzat mitjançant SIG i informació de qualitat a partir d'enquestes. Els principals resultats mostren que els nuclis turístics de Menorca tenen unes emissions associades entre 213 i 318 kg de CO2 per estada. De mitjana, el recorregut del turista fins a la illa (mobilitat externa) és de 1334 km (representant el 80% de les emissions), mentre que la mobilitat interna durant l'estada és de 22 km. A diari, cada turista consumeix entre 8 i 26 kWh d'electricitat, consum que es podria satisfer en un 100% amb la instal·lació de sistemes fotovoltaics a les cobertes del nucli.El objetivo del presente estudio es el análisis del metabolismo energético asociado a los núcleos turísticos litorales de la isla de Menorca (Mediterráneo occidental) y el grado de autosuficiencia a partir de energías renovables. La caracterización de los núcleos y la definición del perfil del turista se ha realizado mediante el SIG e información de cualidad obtenida de las entrevistas. Los principales resultados muestran que los núcleos turísticos de Menorca tienen unas emisiones asociadas de entre 213 y 318 kg de CO2 por estancia. De media, el recorrido del turista para llegar en la isla (movilidad externa) es de 1334 km (el cual representa el 80% de las emisiones totales), mientras que la movilidad interna durante la estancia es de 22 km. A diario, cada turista consume entre 8 i 26 kWh de electricidad, consumo que se podría satisfacer en un 100% con la instalación de sistemas fotovoltaicos en las cubiertas del núcleo.The aim of the present study is the analysis of the energetic metabolism related to the costal tourism nuclei on the island of Minorca (western Mediterranean) and the self-sufficient degree based on renewable energy. The characterization of the nuclei and the definition of tourism profile has been created using GIS and quality information from the interviews. The main results show that the tourism nuclei of Minorca have associated emissions between 213 and 318 kg of CO2 on stay. On average, the tourism route to arrive on the island ( external mobility) is 1334 km ( theese represents the 80% of the emissions), while the internal mobility during the stay is 22km. Every day, each tourist consumes between 8 and 26 kWh of electricity, that consum could be satisfied in a 100% with the installation of photovoltaic systems on the roofs of the nuclei.Lo scopo del presente articolo è l'analisi del metabolismo energetico nei nuclei turistici costieri dell'isola di Minorca (Mediterraneo occidentale) e il grado d'autosufficienza energetica basata sulle energie rinnovabili. La caratterizzazione dei nuclei e la definizione del profilo del turista si è sviluppato con l'utilizzo del GIS e attraverso informazioni di qualità ricavate dalle interviste. I principali risultati mostrano che nei nuclei turistici di Minorca ogni turista ha delle emissioni associate di 213 e 318 kg di CO2 per ogni periodo di soggiorno. In media, il percorso del tursita fino all'isola (mobilità esterna) è di 1334 km (rappresentando l'80% delle emissioni totali), mentre la mobilità interna durante il periodo di soggiorno è di 22 km. Quotidianamente, ogni turista consuma fra 8 e 26 kWh d'elletricità; tale quantità energètica potrebbe essere soddisfata al 100% dall'installazione d'impianti fotovoltaici sui tetti del nucleo

Environmental and self-sufficiency assessment of the energy metabolism of tourist hubs on Mediterranean Islands : the case of Menorca (Spain)

SostenipraEnergy performance of island tourism has been analyzed in the literature. However, tourist services tend to concentrate in tourist hubs, especially where mass tourism predominates (e.g., Mediterranean), and the energy metabolism of these systems has not yet been assessed. The present paper models and estimates the energy metabolism of tourist hubs in the Menorca Island (Spain) by integrating social, geographical and environmental methods. Mobility (both external and internal) and consumption of lodging services were characterized through surveys to users (tourists) and business managers. An environmental assessment evaluated CO₂ emissions, and energy self-sufficiency potential was estimated via GIS data. The results indicate that, on average, a tourist consumes 4756 MJ with associated emissions of 277 kg of CO₂ per stay (20 days on average). Of all the energy flows, external mobility contributes the most to total emissions (77%). For every day spent in a tourist hub, a tourist consumes between 29 MJ and 93 MJ in lodging services, consumption that could be 100% satisfied by photovoltaic systems, and these systems would result in positive effects for the island. Sustainable tourism management might focus on promoting environmentally friendly transportation, energy efficient practices, and environmental communication through ecolabeling

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Environmental and self-sufficiency assessment of the energy metabolism of tourist hubs on Mediterranean Islands : the case of Menorca (Spain)

SostenipraEnergy performance of island tourism has been analyzed in the literature. However, tourist services tend to concentrate in tourist hubs, especially where mass tourism predominates (e.g., Mediterranean), and the energy metabolism of these systems has not yet been assessed. The present paper models and estimates the energy metabolism of tourist hubs in the Menorca Island (Spain) by integrating social, geographical and environmental methods. Mobility (both external and internal) and consumption of lodging services were characterized through surveys to users (tourists) and business managers. An environmental assessment evaluated CO₂ emissions, and energy self-sufficiency potential was estimated via GIS data. The results indicate that, on average, a tourist consumes 4756 MJ with associated emissions of 277 kg of CO₂ per stay (20 days on average). Of all the energy flows, external mobility contributes the most to total emissions (77%). For every day spent in a tourist hub, a tourist consumes between 29 MJ and 93 MJ in lodging services, consumption that could be 100% satisfied by photovoltaic systems, and these systems would result in positive effects for the island. Sustainable tourism management might focus on promoting environmentally friendly transportation, energy efficient practices, and environmental communication through ecolabeling