Abstracts of oral and poster presentations given at the Ascochyta 2012 Workshop, Córdoba, Spain, 22–26 April 2012

The third International Ascochyta Workshop was held in Córdoba, Spain 22 - 26 April 2012. This meeting was attended by 70 participants, and 33 oral presentations, 17 posters and 4 invited speeches were presented dealing with Ascochyta blights of the cool season food legumes (peas, lentils, chickpeas and faba beans). In addition, a special session was held on “Food legumes Research in North Africa”. Abstracts of the oral presentations and the posters of the congress are presented in this issue

Genetic Diversity in Rosa as Revealed by RAPDs

We aim to study the variability within genus Rosa. To accomplish this we have analyzed a plant material collection (109 accessions) including all sections but one, as well as many intermediate forms and hybrids. We also aim to study the consistency of the groups considered within section Caninae (‘caninae’, ‘rubiginosa’ and ‘tomentosa’) as well as of the subgenus Hulthemia. A dendrogram was constructed based on RAPDs data. The variability found in the dendrogram was discussed according to sectional status and geographic origin. Our results indicate that there is no clear distinction between Caninae groups when many intermediate forms are considered. Besides, the subgenus Hulthemia seems to merit just a sectional status as proposed by other authors for other subgenus. The heterogeneity found in the dendrogram with respect to sectional status suggests the lack of clear reproductive barriers as is common with long lived woody perennial plants. Sect. Cassiorhodon may be considered as the Type of the genus since it shows the widest geographical distribution, the widest crossing ability within the Genus and it appears in most groups of the dendrogram suggesting to be the most representative Section

Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce early implant failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Systemic antibiotics are routinely prescribed in implant procedures, but the lack of consensus causes large differences between clinicians regarding antibiotic prophylaxis regimens. The objectives of this systematic review are to assess the need to prescribe antibiotics to prevent early implant failure and find the most appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis regimen. The electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scielo and Cochrane Central Trials Database for randomized clinical trials of at least 3 months of follow-up. Eleven studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Antibiotics were found to statistically significantly reduce early implant failures (RR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.19-0.47, p < 0.00001; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.54). No differences were seen between preoperative or both pre- and postoperative antibiotic regimens (RR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.21-1.55, p = 0.27; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.37). A single preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis dose was found to be enough to significantly reduce early implant failures compared to no antibiotic (RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.21-0.53, p < 0.00001; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.61). In conclusion, in healthy patients a single antibiotic prophylaxis dose is indicated to prevent early implant failure

Simulating the Influence of Conjugative-Plasmid Kinetic Values on the Multilevel Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Membrane Computing Model

[EN] Bacterial plasmids harboring antibiotic resistance genes are critical in the spread of antibiotic resistance. It is known that plasmids differ in their kinetic values, i.e., conjugation rate, segregation rate by copy number incompatibility with related plasmids, and rate of stochastic loss during replication. They also differ in cost to the cell in terms of reducing fitness and in the frequency of compensatory mutations compensating plasmid cost. However, we do not know how variation in these values influences the success of a plasmid and its resistance genes in complex ecosystems, such as the microbiota. Genes are in plasmids, plasmids are in cells, and cells are in bacterial populations and microbiotas, which are inside hosts, and hosts are in human communities at the hospital or the community under various levels of cross-colonization and antibiotic exposure. Differences in plasmid kinetics might have consequences on the global spread of antibiotic resistance. New membrane computing methods help to predict these consequences. In our simulation, conjugation frequency of at least 10(-3) influences the dominance of a strain with a resistance plasmid. Coexistence of different antibiotic resistances occurs if host strains can maintain two copies of similar plasmids. Plasmid loss rates of 10(-4) or 10(-5) or plasmid fitness costs of >= 0.06 favor plasmids located in the most abundant species. The beneficial effect of compensatory mutations for plasmid fitness cost is proportional to this cost at high mutation frequencies (10(-3) to 10(-5)). The results of this computational model clearly show how changes in plasmid kinetics can modify the entire population ecology of antibiotic resistance in the hospital setting.F. Baquero, M. Campos, and T. M. Coque were supported by EU Joint Programming Initiative JPIAMR2016-AC16/00043 (JPIonAMR-Third call on Transmission, ST131TS project), the Health Institute Carlos III of Spain (grants PI15-00818 and PI18-01942 and CIBER [CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP; CB06/02/0053]), and the Regional Government of Madrid (InGEMICS-C; S2017/BMD-3691), all of them cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund (ERDF) "A Way to Achieve Europe." A. San Millan was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (ERC grant agreement number 757440-PLASREVOLUTION)Campos Frances, M.; San Millan, A.; Sempere Luna, JM.; Lanza, VF.; Coque, TM.; Llorens, C.; Baquero, F. (2020). Simulating the Influence of Conjugative-Plasmid Kinetic Values on the Multilevel Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Membrane Computing Model. 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Plasmid, 99, 82-88. doi:10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.09.009Harrison, E., Dytham, C., Hall, J. P. J., Guymer, D., Spiers, A. J., Paterson, S., & Brockhurst, M. A. (2016). Rapid compensatory evolution promotes the survival of conjugative plasmids. Mobile Genetic Elements, 6(3), e1179074. doi:10.1080/2159256x.2016.1179074Hall, J. P. J., Brockhurst, M. A., Dytham, C., & Harrison, E. (2017). The evolution of plasmid stability: Are infectious transmission and compensatory evolution competing evolutionary trajectories? Plasmid, 91, 90-95. doi:10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.04.00354. Shintani M, Suzuki H. 2019. Plasmids and their hosts, p 109–133. In Nishida H, Oshima T (ed), DNA traffic in the environment. Springer, Singapore.Komp Lindgren, P., Karlsson, A., & Hughes, D. (2003). Mutation Rate and Evolution of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections. 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La integración y sus convenios internacionales en América Latina

Hablar hoy de globalización conlleva consigo a relacionar la temática de la integración y sus convenios internacionales, los cuales van tipificándose de acuerdo a las regiones, los bloques y los países donde más requieren de desarrollo y necesidad de asociatividad. En tal sentido, el objetivo del presente paper es hacer un constructo teórico y bibliográfico en forma breve de los convenios de integración más importantes en América Latina, en donde se presenta una compilación de la historia y la explicación de los principales convenios fruto de la integración en Latinoamérica. En la parte metodológica, el tipo y método de estudio fue la recopilación documental, la síntesis y la compilación, por último, la investigación da cuenta de que estos esquemas de integración son mecanismos de choque a poblaciones, que requieren de ajustes en diversas facetas económicas, normativas, tecnológicas, ambientales e industriales, sin embargo, los gobiernos tendrán que realizar ajustes en sus normas, en sus infraestructuras, en sus trámites, y prepararse al interior de su administración para dichos procesos de integración. De la misma manera, quedo claro que el tema de la integración debe ser inherente a los pueblos Latinoamericanos, a fin de consolidar y fortalecer sus democracias como garantías de cambios profundos, en procura de una mejor calidad de vida para la región.Globalization today is closelylinked to topics regarding integration and international agreements, which, in turn, are categorized according to the regions, blocs and countries needing the most development and association. In this sense, this paper aims at providing a theoretical construct and a literature review of the most important integration agreements in Latin America. A historic compilation and a brief explanation of the main agreements are set forth. The methodology used was a document review, synthesis, and compilation. Finally, it is established that these integration schemes are urgent measures to be adopted by the countries or regions that require adjustments in different areas: Economy, Regulation, Technology, Environment, and/or Industry. However, governments need to modify their regulations, infrastructure, and procedures -especially their administrative procedures- in order to prepare for these integration processes. To conclude, integration must be an inherent topic for the Latin American countries so as to consolidate and strengthen democratic regimes and grant deep changes to improve the quality of life for people in the region

Four haplotype blocks linked to Ascochyta blight disease resistance in chickpea under Mediterranean conditions

Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Ascochyta rabiei, is a devastating biotic stress that poses a significant threat to chickpea cultivation worldwide. To combat this disease, breeding programs have focused on developing cultivars with resistance to Ascochyta blight. However, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying plant defense mechanism is still lacking. To identify genomic regions associated with resistance, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was created by crossing ILC3279 (kabuli, resistant) and WR315 (desi, susceptible), which was then phenotyped and sequenced using a tuneable genotyping-by-sequencing (tGBS) protocol to obtain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We further validated the association of genomic regions with Ascochyta blight resistance in a second recombinant inbred line\population derived from the cross between JG62 (desi, susceptible) and ILC72 (kabuli, resistant). Our analysis identified four genomic regions associated with Ascochyta blight resistance in chromosomes 2 and 4, among which a region spanning from 3.52 to 8.20 Mb in chromosome 4 was the most robust candidate for resistance, being associated with resistance in both years and populations. A total of 30 genes from the identified regions were selected as robust candidates, and LOC101507066, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, was the most robust candidate gene, as it plays critical roles in plant stress responses and immunity. Our findings have potential to accelerate marker-assisted genetic improvement and facilitate the development of integrated strategies for crop protection