11,580 research outputs found
Treble Damages, Deterrence, and Their Relation to Substantive Law: Ramifications Under the Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984
Bose-Einstein and Other Correlations in Hadronic Z Decay
In hadronic Z decays, Bose-Einstein correlations in neutral pion pairs are
compared to those in identical charged pion pairs. Bose-Einstein correlations
are also measured in triplets of identical charged pions, and comparison with
those in pairs of pions indicates that pion production is completely
incoherent. Further, factorial cumulants are used to compare correlations among
like-sign as well as among all particles with those of several Monte Carlo
models.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, Rencontres de Moriond - QCD 200
QCD at LEP
Several preliminary QCD results from e+e- interactions at LEP are reported.
These include studies of event shape variables, which are used to determine
alpha_s and for studies of the validity of power corrections. Further, a study
of color reconnection effects in 3-jet Z decays is reported.Comment: Invited talk at XXXIII Intl. Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics,
Cracow, Poland, 5-11 Sept., 2003. To appear in the proceedings in Acta
Physica Polonic
Bose-Einstein correlations in e+e- annihilation and e+e- ==> W+W-
Results on Bose-Einstein correlations in e+e- ==> hadrons are reviewed.Comment: Talk given at Fourth Workshop on Particle Correlations and
Femtoscopy, Kromeriz, Czech Republic, August 15-17, 2005. A shortened version
will appear in the proceeding
New Bose-Einstein Results from L3
In hadronic Z decays, we compare Bose-Einstein correlations in \Pgpz pairs
with those in identical charged pion pairs. We also measure Bose-Einstein
correlations in triplets of identical charged pions. From the first study, the
source radius is found to be smaller for \Pgpz-\Pgpz than for \Pgppm-\Pgppm, as
would be expected, e.g., in a string model. However, the second study shows
that the data are consistent with the pion production being completely
incoherent. Both studies use data collected by the L3 collaboration at LEP.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures in eps, talk given at XXXI International Symposium
on Multiparticle Dynamics, Sept 1-7, 2001, Datong China. see
http://ismd31.ccnu.edu.cn
Small surfaces of Willmore type in Riemannian manifolds
In this paper we investigate the properties of small surfaces of Willmore
type in Riemannian manifolds. By \emph{small} surfaces we mean topological
spheres contained in a geodesic ball of small enough radius. In particular, we
show that if there exist such surfaces with positive mean curvature in the
geodesic ball for arbitrarily small radius around a point in
the Riemannian manifold, then the scalar curvature must have a critical point
at .
As a byproduct of our estimates we obtain a strengthened version of the
non-existence result of Mondino \cite{Mondino:2008} that implies the
non-existence of certain critical points of the Willmore functional in regions
where the scalar curvature is non-zero.Comment: 25 pages. Minor correction
Digital Media and Youth: Unparalleled Opportunity and Unprecedented Responsibility
Part of the Volume on Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility This chapter argues that understanding credibility is particularly complex -- and consequential -- in the digital media environment, especially for youth audiences, who have both advantages and disadvantages due to their relationship with contemporary technologies and their life experience. The chapter explains what is, and what is not, new about credibility in the context of digital media, and discusses the major thrusts of current credibility concerns for scholars, educators, and youth
Muller's ratchet with overlapping generations
Muller's ratchet is a paradigmatic model for the accumulation of deleterious
mutations in a population of finite size. A click of the ratchet occurs when
all individuals with the least number of deleterious mutations are lost
irreversibly due to a stochastic fluctuation. In spite of the simplicity of the
model, a quantitative understanding of the process remains an open challenge.
In contrast to previous works, we here study a Moran model of the ratchet with
overlapping generations. Employing an approximation which describes the fittest
individuals as one class and the rest as a second class, we obtain closed
analytical expressions of the ratchet rate in the rare clicking regime. As a
click in this regime is caused by a rare large fluctuation from a metastable
state, we do not resort to a diffusion approximation but apply an approximation
scheme which is especially well suited to describe extinction events from
metastable states. This method also allows for a derivation of expressions for
the quasi-stationary distribution of the fittest class. Additionally, we
confirm numerically that the formulation with overlapping generations leads to
the same results as the diffusion approximation and the corresponding
Wright-Fisher model with non-overlapping generations
Private Governance Responses to Climate Change: The Case of Global Civil Aviation
This Article explores how private governance can reduce the climate effects of global civil aviation. The civil aviation sector is a major contributor to climate change, accounting for emissions comparable to a top ten emitting country. National and international governmental bodies have taken important steps to address civil aviation, but the measures adopted to date are widely acknowledged to be inadequate. Civil aviation poses particularly difficult challenges for government climate mitigation efforts. Many civil aviation firms operate globally, emissions often occur outside of national boundaries, nations differ on their respective responsibilities, and demand is growing rapidly. Although promising new technologies are emerging, they will take time to develop and adopt. This Article argues that private initiatives can overcome many of these barriers. Private initiatives can motivate civil aviation firms to act absent government pressure at the national level and can create pressure for mitigation that transcends national boundaries. The Article argues that it is time to develop a private climate governance agenda for civil aviation and identifies examples of the types of existing and new initiatives that could be included in the effort. If public and private policymakers can overcome the tendency to focus almost exclusively on public governance, private initiatives can yield large and prompt emissions reductions from global civil aviation, buy time for more comprehensive government measures, and complement the government measures when they occur
Identification and control of spacecraft radiation sources of interference to X-ray and gamma-ray experiments
Apollo 15 and 16 will carry instruments for the purpose of measuring X-ray and gamma ray fluxes from the lunar surface and in cis-lunar space. The intensity levels expected are low over most of the energy range of interest, requiring that background contributions be minimized. The radiation sources on Apollo determined and their interference with these instruments evaluated. The results were used as a basis for dealing with this problem and for recommendations applicable to future manned and unmanned missions
- …