Women\u27s risk perception and sexual victimization: A review of the literature

This article reviews empirical and theoretical studies that examined the relationship between risk perception and sexual victimization in women. Studies examining women\u27s general perceptions of risk for sexual assault as well as their ability to identify and respond to threat in specific situations are reviewed. Theoretical discussions of the optimistic bias and cognitive–ecological models of risk recognition are discussed in order to account for findings in the literature. Implications for interventions with women as well as recommendations for future research are provided

Aspects of management options for pasture-based dairy production stocked at two cows per hectare

End of project reportWhite clover in association with Rhizobium bacteria have the capacity to fix or convent atmospheric N into plant available N. This can make a considerable contribution to sward productivity. One of the objectives of this experiment was to determine the upper carrying capacity of grass-white clover swards receiving 90 kg fertilizer N/ha. A second objective was to examine the impact of grass-clover swards on mineral-N in the soil and losses of nitrate-N from soil to drainage water during the winter. This experiment was conducted at Solohead Research Farm. There were three treatments: (i) A grass-only treatment (FN) stocked at 2.0 cows per ha in 2003 and 2.2 cows per ha during 2004, 2005 and 2006. This treatment received an average of 226 kg per ha of fertilizer N per year during these years. (ii) A grass-clover treatment (WC) stocked at the same rates as FN and received an average of 90 kg per ha of fertilizer N per year during the experiment. (iii) A grass-only treatment (CC) that was gradually converted over to grass-clover during the experiment and stocked at 2.0 cows per ha throughout the experiment. Fertilizer N input was gradually lowered from 150 kg per ha in 2003 to a target of 90 kg per ha in 2005 and 2006

Genomic regions associated with common root rot resistance in the barley variety Delta

Common root rot (CRR) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a serious disease constraint in the dry temperate cereal growing regions of the world. Currently little is known about the genetic control of resistance to CRR in cereals. In this study based on a Delta/Lindwall barley population we have undertaken a bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and whole genome mapping approach utilising Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) to identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with CRR expression. One QTL each was identified on chromosomes 4HL and 5HL explaining 12 and 11% of the phenotypic variance, respectively

Homogeneous cooling of rough, dissipative particles: Theory and simulations

We investigate freely cooling systems of rough spheres in two and three dimensions. Simulations using an event driven algorithm are compared with results of an approximate kinetic theory, based on the assumption of a generalized homogeneous cooling state. For short times $t$, translational and rotational energy are found to change linearly with $t$. For large times both energies decay like $t^{-2}$ with a ratio independent of time, but not corresponding to equipartition. Good agreement is found between theory and simulations, as long as no clustering instability is observed. System parameters, i.e. density, particle size, and particle mass can be absorbed in a rescaled time, so that the decay of translational and rotational energy is solely determined by normal restitution and surface roughness.Comment: 10 pages, 10 eps-figure

The Impact of Insurance on the Law of Torts

An experimental study of "Model-on-Demand" (MoD) identification is made on a pilot-scale brine-water mixing tank. MoD estimation is compared against semi-physical modeling techniques using identification data generated from a systematically designed m-level Pseudo Random Sequence (PRS) input. The estimated models are the basis for evaluating the usefulness of MoD-based Model Predictive Control (MPC). For this application, MoD-MPC is shown to provide better performance at high bandwidths compared to a linear MPC controller

The influence of enhanced excavation base stiffness on prop loads and ground movements during basement construction

The use of piles installed beneath deep excavations as a means of enhancing the stiffness of the soil and so reducing the spread of movements to the surrounding ground has been investigated. Experimental data were obtained from a series of plane strain centrifuge model tests undertaken at 100g in which three different formation base stiffnesses were modelled. The tests were able to simulate the stress changes that result from the complex propping and excavation sequence associated with top down basement construction. Reductions in horizontal loads of the order of 30% were found when piles were introduced to stiffen the ground beneath excavation formation level. Additionally, significant reductions in heave at the base of the excavation led to overall reductions in both horizontal and vertical ground movements behind the retaining wall. The number of piles was found to have a strong influence on the magnitude of reduction in ground movement, especially with increasing time after completion of the simulated excavation

Inelastic Collapse of Three Particles

A system of three particles undergoing inelastic collisions in arbitrary spatial dimensions is studied with the aim of establishing the domain of ``inelastic collapse''---an infinite number of collisions which take place in a finite time. Analytic and simulation results show that for a sufficiently small restitution coefficient, $0\leq r<7-4\sqrt{3}\approx 0.072$, collapse can occur. In one dimension, such a collapse is stable against small perturbations within this entire range. In higher dimensions, the collapse can be stable against small variations of initial conditions, within a smaller $r$ range, $0\leq r<9-4\sqrt{5}\approx 0.056$.Comment: 6 pages, figures on request, accepted by PR

Energy flows in vibrated granular media

We study vibrated granular media, investigating each of the three components of the energy flow: particle-particle dissipation, energy input at the vibrating wall, and particle-wall dissipation. Energy dissipated by interparticle collisions is well estimated by existing theories when the granular material is dilute, and these theories are extended to include rotational kinetic energy. When the granular material is dense, the observed particle-particle dissipation rate decreases to as little as 2/5 of the theoretical prediction. We observe that the rate of energy input is the weight of the granular material times an average vibration velocity times a function of the ratio of particle to vibration velocity. `Particle-wall' dissipation has been neglected in all theories up to now, but can play an important role when the granular material is dilute. The ratio between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy can vary by as much as a factor of 3. Previous simulations and experiments have shown that E ~ V^delta, with delta=2 for dilute granular material, and delta ~ 1.5 for dense granular material. We relate this change in exponent to the departure of particle-particle dissipation from its theoretical value.Comment: 19 pages revtex, 10 embedded eps figures, accepted by PR

XMM-Newton view of MS0735+7421: the most energetic AGN outburst in a galaxy cluster

We discuss the possible cosmological effects of powerful AGN outbursts in galaxy clusters by starting from the results of an XMM-Newton observation of the supercavity cluster MS0735+7421.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. To appear in the Proceedings of "Heating vs. Cooling in Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies", August 2006, Garching (Germany