Schulleistungsmessung als pädagogisches Problem

Schulleistungsmessung als pädagogisches Proble

Individual differences in auditory brainstem response wave characteristics : relations to different aspects of peripheral hearing loss

Little is known about how outer hair cell loss interacts with noise-induced and age-related auditory nerve degradation (i.e., cochlear synaptopathy) to affect auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave characteristics. Given that listeners with impaired audiograms likely suffer from mixtures of these hearing deficits and that ABR amplitudes have successfully been used to isolate synaptopathy in listeners with normal audiograms, an improved understanding of how different hearing pathologies affect the ABR source generators will improve their sensitivity in hearing diagnostics. We employed a functional model for human ABRs in which different combinations of hearing deficits were simulated and show that highfrequency cochlear gain loss steepens the slope of the ABRWave-V latency versus intensity and amplitude versus intensity curves. We propose that grouping listeners according to a ratio of these slope metrics (i.e., the ABR growth ratio) might offer a way to factor out the outer hair cell loss deficit and maximally relate individual differences for constant ratios to other peripheral hearing deficits such as cochlear synaptopathy. We compared the model predictions to recorded click-ABRs from 30 participants with normal or high-frequency sloping audiograms and confirm the predicted relationship between the ABR latency growth curve and audiogram slope. Experimental ABR amplitude growth showed large individual differences and was compared with the Wave-I amplitude, Wave-V/I ratio, or the interwaveI-W latency in the same listeners. The model simulations along with the ABR recordings suggest that a hearing loss profile depicting the ABR growth ratio versus the Wave-I amplitude or Wave-V/I ratio might be able to differentiate outer hair cell deficits from cochlear synaptopathy in listeners with mixed pathologies

Who Are You. Herr Klesmer?

Who is Klesmer? He is not - as Gordon Haight points out - Franz Uszt; he may be Anton Rubinstein (2). Has anyone, I wonder, thought about the possibility that he may be just what his name proclaims: Klesmer? A klesmer, that is. Klesmermeans \u27a musician\u27. It is Yiddish and derives from \u27k\u27lejsemer\u27 - (3) musical instrument. The \u27Klesmorim\u27 were wandering Jewish musicians who played at weddings or on holidays like Purim, later also in public houses or on fair-grounds. They could play everything their audience demanded, from sentimental pieces to wild dancing tunes. Throughout the middle ages they had hard times avoiding the distressing restrictions of Christian administration like high taxes, persecution and prohibition. With the development of the cities some klesmorim settled down permanently - there have been some famous groups in Prague, Frankfort and Berlin. The instruments they used varied - a description of a group in about 1800 mentions two fiddles, a clarinet, a cello and a dulcimer. Although Klesmerim will sometimes use elements of song, Klesmer music generally means instrumental music. After the progress of Jewish emancipation throughout Western Europe the tradition of Klesmer music continued in the Eastern areas. The ancient musical elements of Jewish music (4) - already brought to a high standard by the Chassidic movement (5) - mingled with styles from many countries and developed the special Jewish-Chassidic sound that is so characteristic for Klesmer music. Jewish emigrants brought Klesmer music to America, where it easily mixed with styles like Jazz. Modem Klesmer groups often present a happy mixture of Jazz and European folk traditions. Among the instruments used are clarinets, banjo and piano, saxophones, trombone and percussion. They preserve that special Jewish sound, and above all this music often conveys a certain spirit of fun. It is true that Chassidic or Yiddish melodies can be extremely sad and melancholic, but there also is a strong element of wit, irony and satire. And the dancing tunes just carry you away! Did George Eliot know about Klesmer music, and did she choose Herr Klesmer\u27s name deliberately, as a kind of inside joke? (Where are those who main lain that her later novels lack a sense of humour?!

The opposing roles of interferon-[gamma] and IL-17 in inflammation

Inflammation is the normal immune response to infection ur injury, helping the body to fight pathogens and regain the integrity of the organism. Inflammatory processes develop in an unwanted and harmful degree in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. The aim of the thesis was to identify the role of IFN[gamma] and T cell Th1 commitment in inflammation using two separate models; experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) and graft versus host mediated idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS). Using knock out mice for Th1 (T-bet), we show that inflammatory CD4+ T cell responses in EAM depend not on Th1, but rather on newly described Th17. Neither Th1 or Th2 but only Th17 induce myocarditis in EAM and invivo IL-17 depletion markedly reduce disease severity in T-bet-/- mice. Mice deficient for both T-bet and a receptor for IL-23 (maintenance factor of the Th17 subset) were proeected from disease. While heart-infiltrating T-bet+/+ CD8+ cells secrete IFN[gamma], a negative regulator of EAM and inhibitor of IL-17 production, T-bet-/- CD8+ lymphocytes lost their capacity to release IFN[gamma] within the heart. These data show that severe IL-17-mediated EAM develops in the absence of T-bet, and that T-bet can regulate autoimmunity via the control of CD8+ T cell bystander function in the inflamed target organ. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS= is a major complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, found in 30-50% of patients. Transplantation of bone marrow together with IFN[gamma] deficient CD4+ T cells resulted in severe pulmonary inflammation that was lethal by day 13 in our animal model. Absence of IFN[gamma] favoured the development of IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells. Blocking of IL-17 could only reduce disease severity. Protection from pulmonary graft-versus-host-disease was dependent on the presence of IFN[gamma] in donor CD4+ T cells or the IFN[gamma] receptor on pulmonary parenchymal cells. The lung tissue seems to be a uniquely sensitive organ for CD4+ T cells mediated immunopathology in absence of the protective IFN[gamma] induced signalling cascade. In addition, pulmonary host antigen-presenting cells (APC) are rapidly replaced by donor APC and do not seem to play a major role for the maintenance of the donor mediated allogeneic immune response against the host

Topographical anisotropy and wetting of ground stainless steel surfaces

Microscopic and physico-chemical methods were used for a comprehensive surface characterization of different mechanically modified stainless steel surfaces. The surfaces were analyzed using high-resolution confocal microscopy, resulting in detailed information about the topographic properties. In addition, static water contact angle measurements were carried out to characterize the surface heterogeneity of the samples. The effect of morphological anisotropy on water contact angle anisotropy was investigated. The correlation between topography and wetting was studied by means of a model of wetting proposed in the present work, that allows quantifying the air volume of the interface water drop-stainless steel surface

Methode zur Analyse von Reinigungsprozessen in nicht immergierten Systemen der Lebensmittelindustrie

Die Auslegung von automatischen Reinigungsprozessen in der Lebensmittelverarbeitung erfolgt überwiegend semi-empirisch und zur Gewährleistung der erforderlichen Produktsicherheit werden die Parameter Reinigungshäufigkeit, -dauer und Chemikalieneinsatz tendenziell zu hoch angesetzt. Das erweiterte Verständnis von Wirkzusammenhängen in industriellen Reinigungsprozessen würde die Auslegung verbessern und zu effizienteren Prozessen führen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher, mit einer neuartigen Untersuchungsmethode Voraussetzungen zur Analyse von Reinigungsprozessen in nicht immergierten Systemen zu erarbeiten. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stehen Reinigungsprozesse, die durch den direkten Aufprall eines Flüssigkeitsstrahls auf einer ebenen Oberfläche gekennzeichnet sind. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden sowohl der Wissensstand als auch offene Fragenstellungen zu Wirkzusammenhängen von nicht immergierten Reinigungsvorgängen herausgearbeitet. Anschließend erfolgt eine Diskussion von in der Literatur beschriebenen industriellen sowie labortechnischen Methoden zur Untersuchung von Reinigungsprozessen in nicht immergierten Systemen. Auf den Rechercheergebnissen aufbauend, wurde eine Untersuchungsmethode auf Basis der optischen Erfassung von Fluoreszenzemissionen erarbeitet, die eine direkte, orts- und zeitaufgelöste Analyse des Reinigungsverlaufs ermöglicht. Zur Überprüfung der Validität des methodischen Ansatzes wurden schwerpunktmäßig kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen Betriebsparametern des Reinigungssystems und der Reinigbarkeit genutzt

Prävalenz der 3020insC Mutation des NOD2/CARD15-Gens bei Patienten mit chronischer Parodontitis

Die Studie sollte Aufschluss über den Zusammenhang zwischen der 3020insC Mutation des NOD2/CARD15-Gens und chronisch marginalen Parodontitiden erbringen. Untersucht wurden 80 Patienten mit chronischer Parodontitis und 122 gesunde Patienten. Ein Zusammenhang konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden