47 research outputs found

    A cisão intransitiva em línguas da família tupí-guaraní

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    Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, 2015.Os verbos intransitivos têm recebido atenção dos estudos linguísticos desde o início do Século XX, em razão de diferenciarem, em algum aspecto da morfologia ou da sintaxe de muitas línguas, subclasses com comportamentos distintos. A esse fenômeno se dá o nome genérico de Cisão Intransitiva (CI). O objetivo mais comum das pesquisas nessa área é descobrir se a CI é determinada por parâmetros semânticos, sintáticos, ou se as cisões são arbitrárias. Nas línguas Tupí-Guaraní (TG), as questões sobre a CI ganham tons ainda mais divergentes, uma vez que não há unanimidade entre os pesquisadores em reconhecer a existência de duas subclasses intransitivas, uma composta por verbos ativos, outra por estativos, pois alguns pesquisadores consideram as palavras com semantismo adjetivo como verbos e outros como nomes. Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a CI em algumas línguas do conjunto conhecido como Família Tupí-Guananí (FTG), e suas possíveis motivações, se sintáticas ou semânticas. Serão aqui investigados o Tapirapé, o Guajá, o Emerillón e o Guaraní. No capítulo 1 será feita uma retrospectiva dos estudos sobre a Cisão Intransitiva, suas manifestações e motivações e serão abordadas questões relevantes sobre as palavras que denotam estados em línguas que não possuem classe formal de adjetivo. O Capítulo 2 apresenta aspectos histórico-geográficos e tópicos básicos da morfossintaxe TG essenciais à compreensão deste trabalho. O Capítulo 3 apresenta como os especialistas em cada língua analisam a classe dos estados e o que os dados disponíveis em seus trabalhos nos mostram sobre a proximidade dessas palavras à classe dos nomes ou dos verbos. O capítulo 4 apresenta nossas conclusões sobre o funcionamento dos verbos intransitivos nas línguas analisadas e discute se o comportamento diferenciado entre as duas subclasses intransitivas constitui de fato uma cisão ou se é um tipo específico de alinhamento.Intransitive verbs have been receiving a lot of attention from linguistic research over the past one hundred years, as they frequently show a differentiated behaviour in some part of the morphology or the syntax of many languages, allowing the acknowledgement of distinct intransitive subclasses. This phenomenon is generically known by the name of Split Intransitivity. The main goal of these studies is to discover if the so-called “splits” are driven by semantics or syntax – or if they are arbitrary. In Tupí-Guaraní languages, the issue seems to be even more complex, as the researchers specialized in these languages do not agree on the existence of two subclasses of intransitive verbs, one grouping active verbs and another with stative verbs, as some linguists analyse the words with adjectival meaning as nouns. The main objective of this dissertation it to provide a definition on the type of Split Intransitivity shown in four languages of the Tupí-Guarany stock and withdraw some of its possible motivations, if semantic or syntactic. Languages to be analysed are Tapirapé, Guajá, Emerillón and Guaraní. Chapter 1 is a retrospect of studies on split intransitivity, outlining how languages show the splits and some its possible motivations, as well as introductory remarks on how to approach words with adjectival meaning in languages that do not formalize adjective classes. Chapter 2 brings some historical and geographical information on the TG stock and basic TG morphosyntax considered essential to the understanding or this work. Chapter 3 presents the languages as described by their specialists and what their data and glosses indicate to us on the classification of words with adjectival meaning, if they are closer to nouns or to verbs. Chapter 4 brings our conclusions about the class of the intransitive verbs in the languages examined and discusses if the patterns of differentiation between intransitive subclasses are better analysed as a “split” or if it would be more appropriate to consider it as a specific type of alignment

    A CLASSE DOS ESTADOS E A CISÃO INTRANSITIVA EM LÍNGUAS TUPÍ-GUARANÍ

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    Os verbos intransitivos têm recebido atenção dos estudos linguísticos desde o início do Século XX, em razão de diferenciarem, em algum aspecto da morfologia ou da sintaxe de muitas línguas, subclasses com comportamentos distintos. A esse fenômeno se dá o nome genérico de Cisão Intransitiva (CI). Nas línguas Tupí-Guaraní (TG), as questões sobre a cisão intransitiva ganham tons ainda mais divergentes, uma vez que não há unanimidade entre os pesquisadores em reconhecer a existência de duas subclasses intransitivas, uma composta por verbos ativos, outra por estativos. Os critérios comumente empregados para distinguir classes lexicais não ajudam a resolver a questão: as línguas TG não apresentam classes formais produtivas de adjetivos, as diferentes classes de palavras compartilham material morfológico e as funções de predicado e argumento não são exclusivas de verbos e nomes, respectivamente. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento das palavras estativas e a cisão intransitiva atestada em quatro línguas da Família Tupí-Guaraní (FTG): o Tapirapé, o Guajá, o Emerillón e o Guaraní

    Classes de palavras, tipos de predicados e sua relação com a intransitividade cindida em Guajá

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    Neste trabalho defendemos, por meio de metodologia e referencial teórico funcional tipológico, o caráter cindido da intransitividade verbal na língua Guajá e discutimos se é válida a proposta de se estender a interpretação da cisão da intransitividade aos predicados como um todo, incluindo aqueles que têm como núcleo nomes. Para isso, esclarecemos primeiramente a diferença entre as classes lexicais nomes e verbos e apresentamos os diferentes tipos de predicados do Guajá, sua marcação de pessoa e o status formal dos seus participantes. Ao se comparar as estruturas argumentais nominais e verbais (e posposicionais) explorando as suas semelhanças, enfatizamos o paralelismo que estas classes exibem de acordo com a presença ou não de um marcador de pessoa referente a um argumento interno, sem deixar de explicitar as diferenças morfossintáticas que distinguem nomes de verbos na língua. Tais esclarecimentos subsidiam a proposta de que o Guajá ilustra um tipo de intransitividade cindida ainda não descrito em estudos anteriores: uma cisão ativa/não-ativa que se correlaciona com a distinção inergativo/inacusativo

    Retention force of T-bar clasps for titanium and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures

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    The objective of this study was to evaluate the retention force of T-bar clasps made from commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy by the insertion/removal test simulating 5 years use. Thirty-six frameworks were cast from CP Ti (n=18) and Co-Cr alloy (n=18) with identical prefabricated patterns on refractory casts from a distal extension mandibular hemi-arch segment. The castings were made on a vacuum-pressure machine, under vacuum and argon atmosphere. Each group was subdivided in three, corresponding to 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm and 0.75 mm undercuts, respectively. No polishing procedures were performed to ensure uniformity. The specimens were subjected to an insertion/removal test and data was analyzed statistically to compare CP Ti and Co-Cr alloy in the same undercut (Student's t-test for independent samples) and each material in different undercuts (one-way ANOVA) (p=0.05). Comparisons between materials revealed significant differences (p=0.017) only for the 0.50-mm undercut. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found when comparing the same material for the undercuts. It may be concluded that for different undercuts, both Co-Cr alloy and CP Ti had no significant differences for T-bar clasps; CP Ti showed the lowest retention force values when compared to Co-Cr alloy in each undercut, but with significant difference only for the 0.50-mm undercut; and both materials maintained the retentive capacity during the simulation test.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a força de retenção de grampos tipo barra T confeccionados em titânio cp e liga de Co-Cr, através do ensaio de simulação de uso de estruturas metálicas por um período de 5 anos. Sobre modelos de revestimento que simulavam uma extremidade livre unilateral, foram fundidas 36 estruturas em titânio cp (n=18) e em Co-Cr (n=18) utilizando padrões pré-fabricados. As fundições foram feitas em máquina de vácuo-pressão sob vácuo e atmosfera inerte de argônio. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três correspondendo às retenções de 0,25 mm, 0,50 mm e 0,75 mm, respectivamente. Para manter a uniformidade dos grampos, não foram realizados procedimentos de polimento. Os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao teste de inserção e remoção e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (p=0,05) para comparar Ti cp e Co-Cr na mesma retenção (teste T de Student para amostras independentes) e cada material nas diferentes retenções (análise de variância a um fator). A comparação entre os materiais revelou diferença significativa apenas para retenção de 0,50 (p=0,017). Não foram encontradas diferenças quando se comparou o mesmo material nas diferentes retenções (p>0,05). Pode-se concluir que para as diferentes retenções, grampos barra T confeccionados em liga de Co-Cr e titânio não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante; o titânio apresentou menores valores de retenção quando comparado à liga de Co-Cr em cada uma das retenções, mas diferença estatisticamente significante só foi encontrada para a retenção 0,50-mm; e ambos materiais mantiveram a capacidade retentiva durante o teste de simulação de uso.FAPES

    Effect of fluoride-containing solutions on the surface of cast commercially pure titanium

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    This study evaluated the effects of fluoride-containing solutions on the surface of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) obtained by casting. CP Ti specimens were fabricated and randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=10): group 1: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC; group 2: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC and daily immersed in 0.05% NaF for 3 min; group 3: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC and daily immersed in 0.2% NaF for 3 min; group 4: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC; and immersed in 0.05% NaF every 15 days for 3 min; and group 5: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC and immersed in 0.2% NaF every 15 days for 3 min. Surface roughness was measured with a profilometer immediately after metallographic polishing of the specimens (T0) and at 15-day intervals until completing 60 days of experiment (T15, T30, T45, T60). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in surface roughness among the solutions. In conclusion, fluoride-containing solutions (pH 7.0) used as mouthwashes do not damage the surface of cast CP Ti and can be used by patients with titanium-based restorations.Este estudo avaliou o efeito de soluções para enxaguatório bucal contendo fluoreto sobre a superfície do titânio comercialmente puro (cp Ti) após fundição odontológica. As amostras (n=50) foram divididas igualmente: grupo A - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC, grupo B - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão diária em NaF a 0,05% durante 3 min, grupo C - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão diária em NaF a 0,2% durante 3 min, grupo D - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão em NaF a 0,05% a cada 15 dias por 3 min e grupo E - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão em NaF a 0,2% a cada 15 dias durante 3 min. A rugosidade superficial foi medida logo após o polimento metalográfico das amostras (T0) e cada 15 dias de experiência até serem alcançados 60 dias (T15, T30, T45, T60). Os dados foram analisados usando ANOVA (α=0,05) e as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes (p>0,05) entre as diferentes soluções. Conclui-se que soluções contendo fluoreto (pH 7,0) não danificam a superfície do Ti cp e podem ser usadas como soluções para bochecho usadas por pacientes que possuem restaurações à base de titânio.FAPES

    Importance of a distal proximal contact on load transfer by implant-supported single adjacent crowns in posterior region of the mandible: a photoelastic study

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    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the importance of a distal proximal contact on the load transfer to the posterior region of the mandible by non-splinted adjacent implant-supported crowns using photoelastic stress analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A rectangular model (68x30x15 mm) was made of polymethylmethacrylate resin to simulate half of the mandibular arch. One model was completed with resin replicas representing the first premolar and second molar and with two 3.75 mm dia.x11 mm internal hexagon threaded implants replacing the second premolar and first molar. The other model was manufactured in the same way but without the second molar. Both models were duplicated using photoelastic resin. The roots of the teeth replicas were covered with a layer of polyether impression material to simulate the periodontal ligament. Two different vertical loads were applied to the crowns as follows: 1 - single static point load alternately applied to the crowns replacing the second premolar and first molar (50 N); 2 - simultaneous static point loads applied to both of the crowns replacing the second premolar and first molar (100 N). The resulting isochromatic fringe pattern in the photoelastic model was monitored and photographed. RESULTS: All loading conditions studied showed that the presence of the second molar has changed the load transmission and the pattern of stresses. CONCLUSION: Results showed that the presence of a second molar proximal contact can help minimize the stresses around the implants

    Abrasion wear resistance of different artificial teeth opposed to metal and composite antagonists

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    One of the most important properties of artificial teeth is the abrasion wear resistance, which is determinant in the maintenance of the rehabilitation's occlusal pattern. OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study aims to evaluate the abrasion wear resistance of 7 brands of artificial teeth opposed to two types of antagonists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven groups were prepared with 12 specimens each (BIOLUX & BL, TRILUX & TR, BLUE DENT & BD, BIOCLER & BC, POSTARIS & PO, ORTHOSIT & OR, GNATHOSTAR & GN), opposed to metallic (M & nickel-chromium alloy), and to composite antagonists (C & Solidex indirect composite). A mechanical loading device was used (240 cycles/min, 4 Hz speed, 10 mm antagonist course). Initial and final contours of each specimen were registered with aid of a profile projector (20x magnification). The linear difference between the two profiles was measured and the registered values were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Regarding the antagonists, only OR (M = 10.45 ± 1.42 µm and C = 2.77 ± 0.69 µm) and BC (M = 6.70 ± 1.37 µm and C = 4.48 ± 0.80 µm) presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Best results were obtained with PO (C = 2.33 ± 0.91 µm and M = 1.78 ± 0.42 µm), followed by BL (C = 3.70 ± 1.32 µm and M = 3.70 ± 0.61 µm), statistically similar for both antagonists (p>0.05). Greater result variance was obtained with OR, which presented the worse results opposed to Ni-Cr (10.45 ± 1.42 µm), and results similar to the best ones against composite (2.77 ± 0.69 µm). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the antagonist material is a factor of major importance to be considered in the choice of the artificial teeth to be used in the prosthesis

    Comparative study of two commercially pure titanium casting methods

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    The interest in using titanium to fabricate removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks has increased, but there are few studies evaluating the effects of casting methods on clasp behavior. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the occurrence of porosities and the retentive force of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) removable partial denture circumferential clasps cast by induction/centrifugation and plasma/vacuum-pressure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 72 frameworks were cast from CP Ti (n=36) and Co-Cr alloy (n=36; control group). For each material, 18 frameworks were casted by electromagnetic induction and injected by centrifugation, whereas the other 18 were casted by plasma and injected by vacuum-pressure. For each casting method, three subgroups (n=6) were formed: 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, and 0.75 mm undercuts. The specimens were radiographed and subjected to an insertion/removal test simulating 5 years of framework use. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's to compare materials and cast methods (&#945;=0.05). RESULTS: Three of 18 specimens of the induction/centrifugation group and 9 of 18 specimens of plasma/vacuum-pressure cast presented porosities, but only 1 and 7 specimens, respectively, were rejected for simulation test. For Co-Cr alloy, no defects were found. Comparing the casting methods, statistically significant differences (

    Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19

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    Background: BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to “train” the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. We investigated whether a previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19./ Methods: A case-control study comparing the proportion with a BCG vaccine scar (indicating previous vaccination) in cases and controls presenting with COVID-19 to health units in Brazil. Cases were subjects with severe COVID-19 (O2 saturation < 90%, severe respiratory effort, severe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock). Controls had COVID-19 not meeting the definition of “severe” above. Unconditional regression was used to estimate vaccine protection against clinical progression to severe disease, with strict control for age, comorbidity, sex, educational level, race/colour, and municipality. Internal matching and conditional regression were used for sensitivity analysis./ Results: BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 74–93%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI − 44–71%) in older subjects./ Conclusions: This protection may be relevant for public health in settings where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is still low and may have implications for research to identify vaccine candidates for COVID-19 that are broadly protective against mortality from future variants. Further research into the immunomodulatory effects of BCG may inform COVID-19 therapeutic research.
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