Indicators and methods for spatial cohesion research: difficulties and challenges in low-density regions

Previous research carried out by this same authors went through the analysis of data sources and their potential to apply the polycentrism approach to territories where the urban features is weak (specifically in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). Lately, several hubs were identified as potential centres and sub-centres in a regional articulation, helping out to delimitate accurately the map of polycentrism and Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) for each of them. Currently, we hope to depict those FUAs, highlighting the spatial cohesion, and looking for a better geographical knowledge, in accordance with current European standards. The most common methods to characterize functional areas used to be linked with numerous variables, demographic and economic, usually available and updated. Nevertheless, to go deepen is a difficult task because the broad range of indicators involved and the outcomes of recent dynamics. The specific aim of this paper is reviewing methodologies and datasets sources frequently used in the spatial evaluation, stressing those which focus less populated or dispersed areas. The analysis is driven by the difficulty to effectively assess what spatial cohesion is and how can it be measured, especially in these zones where this concept is crucial to understand the regional development.

Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus modulates host central carbon metabolism to activate autophagy

Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative intracellular pathogen that invades and replicates within many types of phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. During intracellular infection, S. aureus is capable of subverting xenophagy and escaping to the cytosol of the host cell. Furthermore, drug-induced autophagy facilitates the intracellular replication of S. aureus, but the reasons behind this are unclear. Here, we have studied the host central carbon metabolism during S. aureus intracellular infection. We found extensive metabolic rerouting and detected several distinct metabolic changes that suggested starvation-induced autophagic flux in infected cells. These changes included increased uptake but lower intracellular levels of glucose and low abundance of several essential amino acids, as well as markedly upregulated glutaminolysis. Furthermore, we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation levels are significantly increased in infected cells. Interestingly, while autophagy was activated in response to S. aureus invasion, most of the autophagosomes detected in infected cells did not contain bacteria, suggesting that S. aureus induces the autophagic flux during cell invasion for energy generation and nutrient scavenging. Accordingly, AMPK inhibition halted S. aureus intracellular proliferation

Road accessibility and articulation of metropolitan spatial structures: the case of Madrid (Spain)

In the last few decades, rapid growth in mobility has facilitated the progressive inclusion of distant places in metropolitan processes, modifying traditional metropolitan areas into polycentric urban structures. The paper proposes that the articulation of metropolitan urban regions presenting a methodology based on three accessibility indicators for road networks, combined and developed into two time scenarios. It is applied in the Madrid Urban Region (Spain) revealing that with a general increase in accessibility over period, the metropolitan core has been reinforced and its influence has expanded adding more cities that have started to compete in terms of accessibility with other spaces adjacent to Madrid. The paper shows how a metropolitan area evolves from central patterns towards more diffused ones, introducing polycentric patterns by the hand of increasing road mobility

Results obtained from the multiple geodetic observations at Lorca (Murcia, Spain) subsidence area

Trabajo presentado en el AGU (American Geophysical Union) Fall Meeting: Advancing Earth and Space Science, celebrado en Washington D.C. (Estados Unidos), del 10 al 14 de diciembre de 2018The Lorca region, located in the Alto Guadalentín Basin, southern Spain, shows the highest subsidence rates recorded in Europe (about 10 cm/yr). It is produced by a long-term aquifer exploitation (González and Fernández, 2011; Bonì et al., 2014). This process has been studied in various works using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) with images acquired from different satellites (ERS and ENVISAT radar data spanning the 1992 – 2007 period; ALOS PALSAR data for the period 2007–2010; and COSMO-SkyMed data for the period 2011–2012). González et al. (2012) established a relationship between the crustal unloading produced by the groundwater overexploitation and the stress change on the regional active tectonic faults in relation with the May 2008 Lorca earthquake. Those previous studies, based on InSAR and using either ascending or descending acquisitions, assumed that the surface displacement direction is entirely vertical. However, it is important to obtain the complete 3D motion field in order to perform a correct interpretation of the observations, as well as to carry out an advanced numerical model of the aquifer evolution, to be considered for sustainable management plans of groundwater resources and hazard assessments. To achieve this goal, GNSS surveys have been carried out from 2015 to 2018, showing the regional 3D displacement field associated to the exploitation of the aquifer (Prieto et al., 2016; Fernández et al. 2017). Also, simultaneous ascending and descending InSAR observations have been used, along with structural gravimetry (Camacho et al., 2015) and microgravity to study the subsidence area in a more complete geodetic way. We present the results obtained from all those techniques, their comparison, and the interpretation results using different inversion techniques (Tiampo et al., 2011; Camacho et al., 2011, 2015; Cannavò et al., 2015).Peer reviewe

Ischaemic conditioning and targeting reperfusion injury: a 30 year voyage of discovery

To commemorate the auspicious occasion of the 30th anniversary of IPC, leading pioneers in the field of cardioprotection gathered in Barcelona in May 2016 to review and discuss the history of IPC, its evolution to IPost and RIC, myocardial reperfusion injury as a therapeutic target, and future targets and strategies for cardioprotection. This article provides an overview of the major topics discussed at this special meeting and underscores the huge importance and impact, the discovery of IPC has made in the field of cardiovascular research