Structures for organisation of transactions in Bulgarian agriculture

In this paper we extend our previous efforts to incorporate achievements of the New Institutional and Transaction Cost Economics to the agrarian sphere. First, we demonstrate that Bulgarian agrarian economy is a Transaction cost economy, and clarify various types of transacting costs in transitional conditions. Next, we describe existing structures for governing of agrarian transactions, and evaluate their costs minimizing and incentive potential. Lastly, we estimate prospects for organizational modernization, and determine effective boundaries of market, private, public, and mixed modes for agrarian transacting. Neoclassical scenario for transformation of previous communist model ("free market plus private ownership") has not worked in Bulgarian agriculture. Transition has changed "rules of the game" but it has not made agrarian agents "more rational" and "less opportunistic". Consequently costs for new property rights and institutional development, and for market and private modes of individual transacting, have taken a good part of all social expenditures. High assets dependency, big uncertainty, low appropriability, and less frequency have determined a specific transitional structure of agrarian transacting. Less market transacting, big reliance on informal relationships at large scale, great extent of "over" integrated modes, part time farming and production cooperation phenomenon, block of all classes of transactions etc, all have come to existence. Besides, a large number of inefficient or contradictory third party (e.g. Government, Non-governmental organizations, international assistance etc) involvements in agrarian transacting have been in place. All this has deformed substantially emerging farming system, and domination of primitive and "gray" structures, little sustainability of large business and cooperative farms, significant distortion of national agrarian capital, and backward technological "development", have come to agenda. Low efficiency of public in-house organization and limited budget sources would restrict Government direct intervention in agrarian transactions. Agrarian policy should be toward exploring potential of market, private, and cooperative modes through new property rights provision, institutional and infrastructural support, improving law and contract enforcement, market information, extension education, assisting farmers association etc. Less expensive modes for trilateral governance (coordination, control on opportunism, incentives for specific investments) with active involvement of private sector and farmers organizations are to be preferred

Structures for organisation of transactions in Bulgarian agriculture

In this paper we extend our previous efforts to incorporate achievements of the New Institutional and Transaction Cost Economics to the agrarian sphere. First, we demonstrate that Bulgarian agrarian economy is a Transaction cost economy, and clarify various types of transacting costs in transitional conditions. Next, we describe existing structures for governing of agrarian transactions, and evaluate their costs minimizing and incentive potential. Lastly, we estimate prospects for organizational modernization, and determine effective boundaries of market, private, public, and mixed modes for agrarian transacting. Neoclassical scenario for transformation of previous communist model ("free market plus private ownership") has not worked in Bulgarian agriculture. Transition has changed "rules of the game" but it has not made agrarian agents "more rational" and "less opportunistic". Consequently costs for new property rights and institutional development, and for market and private modes of individual transacting, have taken a good part of all social expenditures. High assets dependency, big uncertainty, low appropriability, and less frequency have determined a specific transitional structure of agrarian transacting. Less market transacting, big reliance on informal relationships at large scale, great extent of "over" integrated modes, part time farming and production cooperation phenomenon, block of all classes of transactions etc, all have come to existence. Besides, a large number of inefficient or contradictory third party (e.g. Government, Non-governmental organizations, international assistance etc) involvements in agrarian transacting have been in place. All this has deformed substantially emerging farming system, and domination of primitive and "gray" structures, little sustainability of large business and cooperative farms, significant distortion of national agrarian capital, and backward technological "development", have come to agenda. Low efficiency of public in-house organization and limited budget sources would restrict Government direct intervention in agrarian transactions. Agrarian policy should be toward exploring potential of market, private, and cooperative modes through new property rights provision, institutional and infrastructural support, improving law and contract enforcement, market information, extension education, assisting farmers association etc. Less expensive modes for trilateral governance (coordination, control on opportunism, incentives for specific investments) with active involvement of private sector and farmers organizations are to be preferred

Surgical and Functional Problems in Pulmonary Resection for Lung Cancer

Thirty-four cases of pulmonary cancer have been studied by the methds of spirametry and temporary unilateral pulmonary occlusion with and temporary unilateral pulmonary occlusion with and without exercise. The prognostic significance of cardiopulmonary function for resectional treatment was re-evaluated by thesemans, and the functional indication values, which had been reported previously, were proved valuable. The postoperative pulmonary failure developed in patients with the RV : TLC ratio over 45%. It was emphasized that the relationships among pulmonary arterial presure, diastolic right heart pressure, and cardiac output, were the most important factors in judging how the borderline cases will tolerate surgical intervention. HARVEY\u27S conception was discussed in this regard

Anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor autoantibodies, detected by a capture-immunoassay, are associated with autoimmune liver diseases.

In autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), various autoantibodies including anti-asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) antibodies have been found in patients' sera. We have previously developed a mouse monoclonal antibody against rat and human ASGPR. In this study, we developed a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of anti-ASGPR antibodies using this monoclonal antibody and investigated the occurrence of anti-ASGPR antibodies in the sera of patients with various liver diseases. Serum samples were obtained from 123 patients with various liver diseases, including 21 patients with AIH and 40 patients with PBC. In this capture ELISA, the target antigen in the crude rat liver membrane extracts was captured on the ELISA wells by the ASGPR-specific mouse monoclonal antibody. Thus, the cumbersome process of antigen purification was rendered unnecessary. Using this capture ELISA, we detected the anti-ASGPR antibody in 67% of the patients with AIH, in 100% of the patients with PBC, and in 57% of the patients with acute hepatitis type A. However, the anti-ASGPR antibody was rarely detected in patients with other liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and obstructive jaundice. Our findings suggest that this capture ELISA would be useful for the detection of anti-ASGPR antibodies in autoimmune liver diseases.</p