Regional inequality in decentralized countries: a multi-country analysis using LIS

The aim of this paper is to analyze the regional disparities of six decentralized countries using LIS microdata. In order to determine the extent of the territorial variable in the explanation of income inequality, we carry out two complementary analyses. On the one hand, we perform the classical decomposition by population subgroups of different inequality measures. On the other hand, we implement a semiparametric decomposition analysis based on the method proposed by DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux

Creciendo en la adversidad: la resiliencia del estudiantado con discapacidad en la Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica

This article is derived from the research of the Doctoral Thesis on resilience, disability and higher education. The study design is mixed, sequential explanatory type with a research strategy that integrates the quantitative and qualitative research approach. The purpose of the research is to characterize the resilience of students with disabilities that allows them to face barriers in higher education in order to establish the enclave factors for the design of a resilient accompaniment route. Different inquiry techniques were used, such as the SV-RES60 resilience scale, a questionnaire, and an interview. 110 students participated (55 regular and 55 graduates) who are studying or have completed a career at UNA from 2000 to 2020. A descriptive and comparative analysis is carried out using basic statistical tools and with the support of the SPSS program. quantify and characterize the information collected; also establish relationship patterns by study groups complementing with argumentation, testimonies and the theory investigated. It is concluded that students with disabilities present a resilient state during their university training in the presence of structural barriers that hinder their personal, academic and social development. Based on the results, the updating of the teaching staff and the support services on the models for promoting resilience and the implementation of a resilient accompaniment route derived from this study is justifiedEste artículo se deriva de la investigación de Tesis Doctoral sobre resiliencia, discapacidad y educación superior. El diseño del estudio es mixto, de tipo explicativo secuencial con una estrategia de investigación que integra el enfoque investigativo cuantitativo y cualitativo. El propósito de la investigación es caracterizar la resiliencia del estudiantado con discapacidad que le permite enfrentar las barreras en la educación superior con el fin de establecer los factores de enclave para el diseño de una ruta de acompañamiento resiliente. Se emplearon distintas técnicas de indagación tales como la escala de resiliencia SV-RES60, un cuestionario y una entrevista. Se contó con la participación de 110 estudiantes (55 regulares y 55 egresados) que cursan o han cursado una carrera en la UNA del año 2000 al 2020. Se realiza un análisis descriptivo y comparativo mediante herramientas básicas de estadística y con apoyo del programa SPSS permitió cuantificar y caracterizar la información recabada; asimismo establecer patrones de relación por grupos de estudio complementando con argumentación, testimonios y teoría indagada. Se concluye que el estudiantado con discapacidad presenta un estado resiliente durante su formación universitaria ante la presencia de las barreras estructurales que obstaculiza su desarrollo personal, académico y social. A partir de los resultados se justifica la actualización del personal docente y los servicios de apoyo sobre los modelos de promoción de la resiliencia y la implementación de una ruta de acompañamiento resiliente que se deriva de este estudio

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de familias de adolescentes con discapacidad cognitiva en sexualidad y afectividad

This article starts from the reflection that there is violation of the rights of people with disabilities, not knowing that sexuality and affectivity are also fundamental in their lives and make up the exercise of Sexual and Reproductive Rights; however, significant progress has been achieved for its recognition as rights holders and generated multiple norms that claim for ownership and guarantee of them; nevertheless, advanced studies in Colombia and in the world, evidence the persistence of barriers based on lack of awareness, discrimination and false beliefs about these aspects of people with disabilities. The interest of the study was to investigate through a survey by the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents and caregivers of teenagers with cognitive disabilities of a specialized educational institution of Bogotá so that the results contribute to strengthen the abilities of the families and the institutions with pedagogical actions that promote the guarantee of rights and the improvement of the quality of life of this population.Este artículo parte de la reflexión acerca de la vulneración de derechos de las personas con discapacidad, al desconocer que la sexualidad y afectividad también son fundamentales en sus vidas y configuran el ejercicio de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos; sin embargo, se han logrado importantes avances para su reconocimiento como sujetos titulares de derechos y generado múltiples normas que reivindican su titularidad y garantía; no obstante, estudios adelantados en Colombia y en el mundo, evidencian la persistencia de barreras fundamentadas en el desconocimiento, discriminación y falsas creencias sobre dichos aspectos de las personas con discapacidad. El interés del estudio fue indagar mediante una encuesta, los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de padres, madres y cuidadores de adolescentes con discapacidad cognitiva de una institución educativa especializada de Bogotá, para que los resultados contribuyan a fortalecer capacidades de las familias y de instituciones con acciones pedagógicas que fomenten la garantía de derechos y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de esta población

Implicaciones de la autoestima y el autoconcepto en el bienestar psicológico de los adolescentes españoles

Self-concept is defined as a favorable element of the sense of one's identity, constituting a frame of reference from which to interpret the external reality and the experiences that influence the expectations of the person, their performance, as well as health, motivation and psychological balance. And self-esteem as the sum of judgments that the person generates of himself, including the affective and evaluative dimensions of self-image that are based on objective data, and that constitute what a person thinks about himself. Different recent articles have reviewed how important is self-esteem and/or self-concept in psychological well-being. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first contribution that has been made for a systematic review based on the evidence that includes clinical databases and data on the level of self-esteem and/or self-concept compared to the psychological well-being of adolescents. 33 articles were selected that were potentially relevant within the criteria to be followed and selected for analysis. The studies examined suggest that poor school performance, both physical and psychological inactivity and negligent parental styles correlate positively with low self- esteem. In addition, there are differences in gender. That is why as future studies, it is necessary to include curricular aspects in the study centres to contribute to good personal development and thus lead to psychological well-being.El autoconcepto se considera un elemento favorecedor del sentido de la propia identidad, constituyendo un marco de referencia desde el que interpretar la realidad externa y las experiencias que influyen en las expectativas de la persona, su rendimiento, así como salud y equilibrio psicológico. La autoestima es la suma de juicios que la persona genera de sí misma, incluyendo las dimensiones afectiva y evaluativa de la autoimagen que se basan en datos objetivos, y que constituyen aquello que una persona piensa sobre sí misma. Diferentes investigaciones recientes han revisado cuán importante es la autoestima y/o el autoconcepto en el bienestar psicológico. Hasta donde se sabe, esta es la primera contribución que se ha llevado a cabo para una revisión sistemática, donde se incluyen bases de datos clínicas y datos sobre el nivel de autoestima y/o autoconcepto comparándolo con el bienestar psicológico de los adolescentes. Se seleccionó 33 artículos de una amplia bibliografía potencialmente relevante dentro de los criterios a seguir y seleccionados para su análisis. Los estudios examinados sugieren que un bajo rendimiento escolar, la inactividad tanto física como psíquica y los estilos parentales negligentes correlacionan positivamente con una baja autoestima. Además, se aprecian diferencias en cuanto al género. Es por ello que, como estudios futuros, sería necesario incluir en los centros de estudios aspectos curriculares para contribuir a un buen desarrollo personal y así desembocar en un bienestar psicológico

Analysis of the problems and educational needs of new family structures

. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer cuales son las preocupaciones y demandas de apoyo de familias correspondientes a diversas estructuras familiares. Se entrevistaron a 214 familias pertenecientes a 6 diferentes estructuras familiares. Los resultados muestran que las familias se preocupan por la salud de sus hijos y demandan criterios educativos para afrontar el proceso de crianza. Las familias monoparentales y reconstituidas inciden en el hecho de que sus hijos han vivido procesos de conflicto. Las familias adoptivas muestran preocupación por la normalidad del desarrollo psicológico de sus hijos y demandan formación de apoyo a la adopción. Las familias homoparentales resaltan la estigmatización social que puedan sufrir sus hijos. Las familias de partos múltiples señalan la elevada necesidad de recursos humanos, educativos y económicos que requiere la crianza de sus hijos. Los datos obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la necesidad del desarrollo de políticas educativas y preventivas dirigidas a las familias.The aim of this study is to identify the concerns and support needs of several family groups corresponding to different family structures. 214 families, matching 6 different family structures, were interviewed. The results show that families are worried about their children’s health and that educational criteria are required to deal with the child-rearing process. Single and step families are worried about the fact that their children have been through processes of conflict. Adoptive families have worry about the normal psychological development of their children and require specific training to deal with the adoption process. Gay and lesbian families are concerned about the social stigma that may fall on their children. Multiple-birth families are worried about the high level of human, educational and economic resources needed to raise their children. Results highlight the need to develop educational and preventive policies aimed at families

Acoso psicológico laboral (Mobbing) y su impacto en el clima y desempeño laboral en maestros del sistema público de enseñanza del área sur de Puerto Rico

This study was aimed at finding motivational and environmental factors (organizational climate) that exacerbate bullying behavior towards the teacher in two municipalities in the southern area of ​​Puerto Rico. It was inquired from the perspective of the teacher how the Department of Education of Puerto Rico handles situations of workplace harassment and in cases where there is mobbing how it has affected the teacher's work performance in these municipalities. A representative sample of 202 teachers from the public education system of Puerto Rico was used. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling was used. A questionnaire created and used by Del Álamo (2006) called: (A) Alamo Questionnaire on Labor Abuse was used. (B) The second instrument used was the Organizational Climate Questionnaire obtained from the Department of Health of Lima, Peru (Ugarte et al.,2009). The objectives that framed this research and that served as a frame of reference for the development of the thesis were achieved. The results and conclusions show us that: i) teachers affected by bullying will tend to perceive that their work performance decreases; ii) the negative or tense organizational climate makes the predisposition to harassment greater and that labor performance also decreases; iii) there is no formal protocol in the Department of Education to handle bullying situations; vi) the teachers reflected an equivalent proportion between submitting or facing the stalker; v) the largest number of participants identified the stalker as their immediate boss; vi) the consequences of psychological harassment at work are manifested at the physical level (cardiovascular disorders) and psychological (stress and depression). The recommendations of the study are the following: legal advice for teachers and guidance to school principals. It is expected that further research on the subject will be continued and that the Law in Puerto Rico be approved.Este estudio fue dirigido a hallar factores motivacionales y ambientales (clima organizacional) que exacerban conductas de acoso hacia el maestro en dos municipios del área sur de Puerto Rico. Se indagó desde la perspectiva del maestro cómo el Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico maneja las situaciones de acoso laboral y en los casos donde existe mobbing cómo ha afectado el rendimiento laboral del maestro en estos municipios. Se utilizó una muestra representativa de 202 maestros del sistema de educación pública de Puerto Rico. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional. Se usó un cuestionario creado y utilizado por Del Álamo (2006) llamado: (A) Cuestionario del Álamo sobre Maltrato Laboral. (B) El segundo instrumento utilizado fue el Cuestionario de Clima Organizacional obtenido del Departamento de Salud de Lima, Perú (Ugarte et al., 2009). Los objetivos que enmarcaron esta investigación y que sirvieron como marco de referencia para el desarrollo de la tesis fueron logrados. Los resultados y las conclusiones nos muestran que: i) los maestros afectados por el acoso tenderán a percibir que su rendimiento laboral disminuye; ii) el clima organizacional negativo o tenso hace que sea mayor la predisposición al acoso y que el rendimiento laboral también disminuya; iii) no existe un protocolo formal en el Departamento de Educación para manejar situaciones de acoso; iv) los maestros reflejaron una proporción equivalente entre someterse o enfrentarse al acosador; v) la mayor cantidad de participantes identificaron al acosador como su jefe inmediato; vi) las consecuencias del acoso psicológico en el trabajo se manifiestan a nivel físico (trastornos cardiovasculares) y psicológico (estrés y depresión). Las recomendaciones del estudio son las siguientes: asesoramiento legal para los maestros y orientación a directores escolares. Se espera que se continúen nuevas investigaciones sobre el tema y que se apruebe la Ley en Puerto Rico

Instruments to Assess Physical Activity in Primary Education Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

The scientific evidence supports that physical inactivity in childhood is a reality throughout the world which generates important consequences in the global development of children. Young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), due to the characteristics of the disorder they suffer, constitute a group at risk. Therefore, assessing the levels of physical activity (PA) in this group is fundamental for subsequent decision making and implementation of PA promotion programmes. Consequently, the aim of this systematic review was to identify, summarise and analyse the main instruments used to assess the levels of PA (in terms of time and/or intensity) in primary school children diagnosed with ASD. Scientific articles in English and Spanish published in five databases were reviewed: PsycINFO, WOS, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and PubMed, following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. Out of the 605 articles identified, 12 met the previously established inclusion criteria. The instruments used by the studies analysed were divided into two main groups: accelerometers and questionnaires. Both showed different strengths and limitations but agreed on the low levels registered of PA in children with ASD. For this reason, it is considered necessary that further research be carried out in this field, as well as the development and implementation of sports programmes adjusted and adapted to the needs and characteristics of the ASD groupS

Is Quarter of Birth a Risk Factor for Developmental Coordinator Disorder in Preschool Children?

The purpose of this study was to determine the probability that preschool children have severe motor difficulties or are at risk of motor difficulties, according to quarter of birth and gender. Five hundred and eighty-eight preschool-age children were evaluated, of which 318 (54.08%) were boys and 270 (45.92%) were girls, with a mean age of 4.66 years (SD = 0.53). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect the data. The results obtained were the following: Regarding students with severe motor difficulties: 6.7% born in quarter 1 (Q1); 13.3% born in the second quarter (Q2); 20.0% born in the third quarter (Q3); and 60.0% born in the fourth quarter (Q4). The probabilities found (OR) were: Q1 vs. Q2 (OR = 3.15; p < 0.05); Q1 vs. Q3 (OR = 4.68; p < 0.005); Q1 vs. Q4 (OR = 12.40; p < 0.001); Q2 vs. Q4 (OR = 4.04; p < 0.001); and Q3 vs. Q4 (OR = 2.65; p < 0.005). The adjusted ORs, with respect to the probabilities of having severe motor difficulties, were the following: Being born in Q4 is 13.03 times more likely than being born in Q1 (p < 0.001); those born in Q3 are 4.85 times more likely than those born in Q1 (p < 0.05); and those born in Q2 4.14 times more than those born in Q1 (p < 0.05). The conclusion is that children born in Q4 are more likely to be classified as children with severe difficulties compared to children born in the other quarters of the same yearS

Integrating artificial intelligence to assess emotions in learning environments: a systematic literature review

IntroductionArtificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming multiple sectors within our society, including education. In this context, emotions play a fundamental role in the teaching-learning process given that they influence academic performance, motivation, information retention, and student well-being. Thus, the integration of AI in emotional assessment within educational environments offers several advantages that can transform how we understand and address the socio-emotional development of students. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive approach that systematizes advancements, challenges, and opportunities in this field.AimThis systematic literature review aims to explore how artificial intelligence (AI) is used to evaluate emotions within educational settings. We provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, focusing on advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the domain of AI-driven emotional assessment within educational settings.MethodThe review involved a search across the following academic databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Scopus. Forty-one articles were selected that meet the established inclusion criteria. These articles were analyzed to extract key insights related to the integration of AI and emotional assessment within educational environments.ResultsThe findings reveal a variety of AI-driven approaches that were developed to capture and analyze students’ emotional states during learning activities. The findings are summarized in four fundamental topics: (1) emotion recognition in education, (2) technology integration and learning outcomes, (3) special education and assistive technology, (4) affective computing. Among the key AI techniques employed are machine learning and facial recognition, which are used to assess emotions. These approaches demonstrate promising potential in enhancing pedagogical strategies and creating adaptive learning environments that cater to individual emotional needs. The review identified emerging factors that, while important, require further investigation to understand their relationships and implications fully. These elements could significantly enhance the use of AI in assessing emotions within educational settings. Specifically, we are referring to: (1) federated learning, (2) convolutional neural network (CNN), (3) recurrent neural network (RNN), (4) facial expression databases, and (5) ethics in the development of intelligent systems.ConclusionThis systematic literature review showcases the significance of AI in revolutionizing educational practices through emotion assessment. While advancements are evident, challenges related to accuracy, privacy, and cross-cultural validity were also identified. The synthesis of existing research highlights the need for further research into refining AI models for emotion recognition and emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in implementing AI technologies within educational contexts

Conservation Agriculture Increases Yields and Economic Returns of Potato, Forage, and Grain Systems of the Andes

[Abstract:] Physical and environmental vulnerability analysis conducted for the Illangama watershed located in Ecuador's Andean highlands, shows deteriorated soil quality and declining crop productivity. These problems are caused by soil erosion in steep slopes and inappropriate soil management practices. Research projects conducted from 2011 to 2014 adopted and examined the feasibility of conservation agriculture practices for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), bean (Vicia faba L.), and a mixture of pastures (annual ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lam.], perennial ryegrass [L. perenne L.], orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.], white clover[Trifolium repens L.], and red clover [T. pratense L.]). The practices included surface water deviation ditches, reduced tillage, residue retention, and application of N, all within an improved rotation. The study examined crop yields and economic returns in an effort to identify the best practices. Results indicate that crop productivity and net (of cost of production) benefits of the system were increased as much as 25 and 24%, respectively, using a feasible conservation agriculture system compared to conventional practices. This study shows that conservation agriculture increases yields and saves on production costs due to less tillage. We also found that N fertilization with these conservation agriculture practices increases yields and net returns. This study concludes that conservation agriculture practices are good alternatives for these high-altitude Andean soils. The practices should be promoted among Andean producers to increase the productivity and sustainability of their potato–grain–pasture systems