In vivo optical imaging with rare earth doped Ca₂Si₅N₈ persistent luminescence nanoparticles

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Highly cohesive dual nanoassemblies for complementary multiscale bioimaging

International audienceInnovative nanostructures made of a high payload of fluorophores and superparamagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) have simply been fabricated upon self-assembling in a two-step process. The resulting hybrid supraparticles displayed a dense shell of iron oxide nanoparticles tightly attached through an appropriate polyelectrolyte to a highly emissive non-doped nanocore made of more than 10 5 small organic molecules. Cooperative magnetic dipole interactions arose due to the closely packed magnetic NPs at the nanoarchitecture surface, causing enhanced NMR transverse relaxivity. Large in vivo MRI T 2 contrast was thus obtained with unusually diluted solutions after intravenous injection in small rodents. Two-photon excited fluorescence imaging could be performed, achieving unprecedented location resolution for agents combining both magnetic nanoparticles and fluorescence properties. Finally, TEM imaging of the sectioned mouse tissue succeeded in isolating the core–shell structures, which represents the first image of intact complex magnetic and fluorescent nanoassemblies upon in vivo injection. Such highly cohesive dual nanoarchitectures should open great horizons toward the assessment with high spatial resolution of the drug or labeled stem cell biodistribution

Nanocristaux à luminescence persistante : nouveaux concepts pour l'imagerie in vivo

Persistent luminescence nanocrystals were recently introduced in the field of small animal optical imaging as original alternative to common photoluminescent systems intended for photonic detection in vivo. Acting as optical capacitors, these materials possess the ability to be excited before the injection to living animals and subsequently emit a NIR luminescence signal located within the tissue transparency window, without further illumination of the probe, for dozens of minutes. This technique provides an efficient solution to the autofluorescence problem from living tissues and allows a significant increase in signal to noise ratio during the detection. However, previous work not only revealed that this first generation of nanoparticles could hardly be followed more than one hour after the injection to small animals, but that it was also very likely to undergo rapid liver capture by the mononuclear phagocyte system. In order to overcome these essential limitations, we introduce a novel generation of persistent luminescence nanoparticles whose optical properties allow in situ activation of the probe through living tissues. The material can though be activated after its injection to the animal, allowing to retrieve persistent luminescence signal at any time. A proper optimization of surface characteristics also led to a significant increase of these nanoparticles circulation time, responsible for the first proof of passive targeting in vivo, achieved by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect within the tumor microenvironment.Les nanocristaux à luminescence persistante ont récemment été introduits dans le domaine de l'imagerie optique du petit animal comme alternative originale aux systèmes photoluminescents couramment utilisés pour la détection photonique in vivo. Comparables à des condensateurs optiques, ces matériaux présentent l'avantage de pouvoir être excités avant l'injection au petit animal, puis d'émettre un signal de luminescence dans la fenêtre de transparence des tissus, sans excitation continue de la sonde, pendant plusieurs dizaines de minutes. Cette technique propose une solution efficace au problème d'autofluorescence rencontré in vivo du fait de l'excitation des tissus biologiques, et permet d'augmenter de manière significative le rapport signal à bruit au moment de la détection optique. Les travaux initiaux ont cependant démontré que cette première génération de nanocristaux pouvait difficilement être suivie plus d'une heure après injection systémique chez le petit animal, et subissait une capture rapide au niveau du foie par le système monocyte macrophage. Pour répondre à ces deux inconvénients majeurs, nous introduisons une nouvelle génération de nanosondes photoniques dont les propriétés optiques permettent une excitation de la luminescence persistante in vivo, à travers les tissus de l'animal. Il devient ainsi possible de recharger le matériau après son injection à la souris et de retrouver un signal de luminescence persistante à tout moment. Une optimisation des propriétés de surface a également permis d'augmenter de manière significative le temps de circulation de ces nanoparticules, et de réaliser la première preuve de ciblage passif in vivo qui exploite l'effet EPR

Evidence that biosynthesis of the neurotoxic alkaloids anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a in the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria PCC 6506 occurs on a modular polyketide synthase initiated by L-proline.

International audienceAnatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a are potent neurotoxins produced by cyanobacteria such as Oscillatoria PCC 6506. Sequencing of the genome of this strain is underway, and we have identified a 29 kb DNA fragment containing a sequence called ks2 that we previously showed to be specific to Oscillatoria cyanobacteria producing anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a. Bioinformatic analysis of this 29 kb fragment revealed a cluster of genes, which were annotated. The function assigned to the products of eight contiguous genes, from anaA to anaH, provides a clue to the biosynthesis of anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a. Proline is first loaded on an acyl carrier protein and its five-membered cycle oxidized to the pyrroline oxidation state. This activated ring is then successively loaded on three polyketide synthase modules for elongation, reduction, cyclization, and methylation. The final step is the hydrolysis of the thioester with subsequent decarboxylation. GC-MS and NMR analyses of homoanatoxin-a produced by PCC 6506 using labeled precursors confirm that proline is very likely the starter of these polyketide synthases. Using specific PCR amplifications, we have also shown that the anaC, anaE, anaF, and anaG genes are always present in the genome of cyanobacteria producing anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a and absent in nonproducing strains. Histidine-tagged AnaC was purified to homogeneity and showed to catalyze the loading of proline on purified histidine-tagged AnaD that had been previously transformed into its holo form using the Bacillus subtilis Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase. All of these data provide strong evidence that we have successfully identified the gene cluster responsible for the production of anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a in Oscillatoria PCC 6506

Journée d'étude "Les "Principes of Psychology" de W. James et leur postérité scientifique aujourd'hui" (24 novembre 2005)

Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne EA3562 PhiCo – Philosophies Contemporaines Équipe CEPPA Organisé par Christiane Chauviré et Claude Debru.  Journée organisée par le Collectif Histoire-Philosophie-Sciences de l’ENS et le CEPPA de l’Université de Paris 1 Salle des Actes, ENS, 9h30-18h Au cours de cette journée, des scientifiques spécialistes de différents domaines des neurosciences cognitives d’aujourd’hui commenteront l’actualité scientifique des vues développées par William James dans ses..

Trap depth optimization to improve optical properties of diopside-based nanophosphors for medical imaging

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Synthesis and functionalization of persistent luminescence nanoparticles with small molecules and evaluation of their targeting ability.

International audienceWe have recently reported the design and use of inorganic nanoparticles with persistent luminescence properties. Such nanoparticles can be excited with a UV lamp for 2min and emit light in the near-infrared area for dozen of minutes without any further excitation. This property is of particular interest for small animal optical imaging, since it avoids the autofluorescence of endogenous fluorophores which is one major problem encountered when using fluorescent probes. We report herein the synthesis of persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) and their functionalization with two small targeting molecules: biotin and Rak-2. We provide characterization of each PLNP as well as preliminary evidence of the ability of PLNP-PEG-Biotin to target streptavidin and PLNP-PEG-Rak-2 to bind prostate cancer cells in vitro